Globalization

 KENICHI OHANE - Borderless world

Marshal MacLuan - Global Village. (Also said, There are no passenger on ship called mother earth, we are all crew)

Anthoy Giddens - Compression in time and space.

Global Governance :

• Creation of regional organisations like EU, ASEAN, 
• Global Financial architecture of WB, IMF WTO
• International Justice - ICC, PCA, ICJ and most importantly UN

How to legitimise Pol power at the international level 

Statism - Dialogue between states 

Cosmopolitism - world govt on liberal principles - David Held 

Others like Sorenson - Liberal Order and the global governance  is in crisis 

Jospeh Stiglitz - Democratic Deficit 

Stanley Hoffman - UN paralysed by the P2-P3 polarisation 

Hardip Puri - Security Council and the Politics of Chaos

Bhikhu Parekh - The principles of Global governance cannot be based on the values of liberalism. Need for dialogue among civilisations 

Jan Aart Scholte - Post modern global democracy based on the principles of trans-culturality, eco-ship and egalitarian principles.

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Waves of Globalisation

• 1st wave : Age of Discovery - 1450-1850 : European expansionism and Conquest 
• 2nd Wave : 1850-1945 : Spread and entrenchment of European Empires 
• 3rd Wave : Contemporary Globalisation : 1960 onwards : Microchip and Satellite (comm tech), Shift from West to East 
• 4th Wave : May be in the making : One driven by emerging economic powers : China, Brazil, India and others 

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2 dimensions of globalisation 

• Expansion of capitalism and inter-connected-ness 
• Growth of the role of International institutions 

Anthony Giddens  Stretching and deepening of relations across space and time	Thomas Friedman  (Diff from Milton Friedman)  The Lexus and the Olive tree Globn as a inexorable integration of markets, nations states,  technology to an extent never seen before  Interactions have become  Farther, Faster, flatter Cheaper, deeper  No longer just a Buzzword

Critique

Marxists  Present mode of globn is Expansion of capitalism - glbn just a new buzz word for  Search for profit will take bourgeoisie anywhere .. settle and nestle everywhere.	Islamic world  Cultural imperialism  Violent reaction Brotherhood  Asian - Lee Kuan Yew Asian Values	Bikhu Parek  Cosmopolitan idea of globalisation based on dialogue between civilisations  Indian Model  Vasudheva Kutumbakam

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Arguments in Favour 

Jagdish Bhagwati  'In Defence of Globalisation'  Qualitative &Quantitative Analysis Opposing globn are psychiatrists and not economists  Trickle down  Inequality diminished - First time  Life Expectancy - double; IMR - declined; Global literacy - 60-80% Globn itself not solution - many steps needed If properly governed, globalisation is the most powerful social good today	Amartya Sen (favours) Countries in globn better than those out Uneven benefits  Capacity building to make it a win win situation

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Arguments against 

Immanuel Wallerstein ( Instrumental Marxist)  Nothing new - continuation of the old capitalist exploration of 17th cent Poverty in africa, War in balkans - capitalist search for markets and accumulation of capital  Globn in last stage  Swan Song - dying its death  2 options  barbarianism  Socialism	Noam Chomsky  Profit Over People  Negative impact on Health, Education, Nutrition. Effect on Americans as well Americans lost lives in capitalist wars Tax payer money to Arms dealers Go to war- force countries to open up markets for bourgeoisie of Capitalist countries	Jorge Heine and Ramesh Thakur The Dark side of Globalisation  Not End of History, but End of Geography  Wages, bargaining power of workers, socio-econ rights - down Property rights have risen  Effects Baltic states - negative growth  Africa - LDCs - constant Guinea Bissau - Narco State  Adverse effect on  Econ sovereignty  Pol sov Social and cultural stability  Rise of Uncivil society and transnational organised crime

Jospeh Stiglitz (favours) Making Globalisation work  globalisation and its discontents Democratic Deficit in instis of global governance - address them  to make globn work  Glob in developed countries -  Plutocrats - better  Middle income - worse Poor - worst  Backlash which started in developing countries has reached to core countries now.	Arundhati Roy  Capitalism: A Ghost Story  Neoliberal capitalism as a mutant variety of colonialism - remote controlled and digitally operated  Worse effect on   Poverty Envt  Eroded democracy Entrenched Child labour	Pratap Bhanu Mehta Globn in Question  Similar to Stiglit Gn was earlier believed to be a non-zero sum game, but backlash in both worlds now challenges it.  Anti globn sentiment  Earlier- South  Now - working class-north Effect on electoral choices -  Rise of Right  Xenophobia Ethnic Chauvinism  Anti immigrant sentiment  Globn at  Best : Imagination of vast opportunities Worst : Elites looking for new pastures of opportunity

Vandana Shiva- Highlighted the inequitable & unsustainable features of globalisation. Sameer Amin - Applied dependency theory to show the continuity of drain of wealth.	Christine Lagarde Rising inequalities is the Achilles Heel of market driven globn	Sorenson (Sorensognty) It has effected the sovereignty of poorer and smaller nations in a worse way than the bigger ones  Benifited West the most   Globalisation and Liberal world order is in crisis

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Current Prospects of Globalisation 

• Global leaders at both WEF in Davos and G-20 summit, Germany - expressed pessimism regarding future of Globn 
• Reasons
• USA’s America First Policy 
• Does not seem to be in a mood to lead the globn 
• Out of TPP
• Renegotiate NAFTA 
• Uncertainty over TATIP 
• Brexit 
• France, Netherlands and Germany - Rise of Right 
• G-20 existence - anti-globn protests 
• Int economy is not showing any signs of recovery 
• 4th Industrial revolution - rise to automation & AI — prospects of jobs weakened 
• Since 1995 - WTO has failed to conclude the full round of talks 
• Rising resentment from the middle income groups in the West.
• Only countries which seem to have benefitted 
• China : 4% (1991) —> 17% (2016)
• India : 4% ( 1990) —>  7% (2016)
• SE Asian nations 

Future Prospects of Globalisation 2.0  being led by China 

• Steps Taken 
• WEF - Xi Jinping says - ready to lead globn 
• Enhance rule based economic order 
• AIIB
• NDB
• BRI 
• Indicated - will increase overseas investment 
• Correcting its currency policy 
• Speech - says that globn is wrongly blamed for many issues
• West 
• Geo-politiics has actually caused
• Rise of terrorism 
• Rise of Ultranationalism in Europe 
• Lack of Adequate skilling 
• Middle income gps - facing issues
• Germany and Sweden are flourishing 
• Global Financial Crisis 
• Failure of Financial regulation and not because of Globn 
• Challenges 
• New Normal - Chinese economy slowing down 
• Cannot supply world with a large & accessible market as USA 
• Export & investment based economy —> Consumption & services led economy — not an easy transition 
• Structural problems 
• Excess capacity 
• Mounting corporate debt 
• Way Forward 
• Address the democracy deficit international level 
• Focus on Innovation to mitigate the negative effects of globn 
• Countries should honour promises and abide by the international rules 
• Both USA and China will have to work together to take globn forward

Xi Jinping - we must not retreat into harbours as soon as we encounter a storm as then we would never be able to reach the opposite end 

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Globalisation and HRs

HR are  one of the most powerful ideas of our time. as per Dworkin - They are inalienable, permanent, universal and equal.(E-UPI)

• Nation states
• Since no authority above the nation states - they are primarily responsible for implementation of HRs 
• Cosmopolitans - say that globn has weakened the nations states.
• Weakening of state capacities in terms of ability of governance and provide social security 
• PBM - Initially impacted south - but after 2008 has started effecting north as well  

2 Schools of thought 

Globn as good for HRs  Democracies inc  Proliferation of Instruments, conventions, institutions  Growth of HR consciousness  R2p — RWP

Globn has undermined HRs Neo-liberal capitalism  Anti poor  Weakened the social and economic rights Rolling back of the state  Feminisation of poverty, agriculture

How can HRs be promoted then 

• Need to understand the structural reasons behind failure of HRs
• Based on western ideology 
• Seen as an excuse for interventionism and promoting geo-pol aims 
• No clarity on what rights to be constituted as HRs and who to be considered human ( Eg - Terrorists)
• What should be done
• West should depoliticise the issue 
• The principles must be based on dialogue b/w civilisations 
• Cultural relativist approach needs to be taken 
• Capacity building of states of south so that they can take can counter negative effects of globn 
• Capacity building of UN agencies involved in developing works 

Thus, though it is true that globn has related into weakening o states, but it does not necessarily mean weakening of HRs.

Today’s states, civil society and international community must work together to enforce HRs 

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