UPSC CSE Prelims 2024

Important PYQs topics of Environment and Ecology

Biodiversity: Concept and Facts

1) Services Provided by Biodiversity

2) Threats to the biodiversity

3) Pollinating agents

4) Adverse effects of fall in the population of species of butterflies

5) Biopiracy

6) Nitrogen-fixing plants

7) Biofertilizers and examples

8) Cultivators of fungi

9) Gadgil Committee Report

10) Kasturirangan Committee Report

11) M-STrIPES

12) National Aquatic Animal

13) Herbivores turtle species

14) Herbivores marine mammal

15) Herbivores fish species

16) Viviparous snake

17) Filter feeder and examples

18) Aflatoxins

19) Protected Areas are located in Cauvery basin

20) Living root bridges

21) Declining Vultures population

22) Biodiversity in Coral reefs

23) Biosphere reserves

24) Botanical gardens

25) National parks

26) Wildlife sanctuaries

27) Wetlands declared under Ramsar Convention – Significance

28) Tiger Reserves – recently declared

29) Eco-Sensitive Zones

30) Red Data Books

31) Critical 'tiger' habitats (CTHs)

32) Critical Wildlife Habitat

33) Biodiversity hotspots

34) Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas

35) Highest population of elephants – states.


Ecosystem

1) Food chain

2) Ecotone

3) Ecological niche

4) Habitat

5) Home range

6) Primary producers in the food chains of oceans

7) Decomposer organisms

8) Detritivore organisms

9) Ecosystem services-provisioning, supporting, regulating, preserving and cultural

10) Carbon cycle

11) Nitrogen cycle

12) Phosphorus cycle

13) Sulphur cycle

14) Ecological succession

15) Productivity of ecosystem – decreasing order

16) Grassland Ecosystem – Role of water and fire

17) Savannah Biome – limiting factors

18) Adaptation of plants in desert areas

19) Type of forests in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands

20) Definition of 'ecosystem’

21) Wetlands function as Kidneys of earths

22) Wetlands of India

23) Mangroves function as a safety hedge

24) Coral reefs

25) Lichen and Moss

26) Symbiotic relationships of: 

  • a. Cnidarians 
  • b. Fungi 
  • c. Protozoa

27) Symbiotic relationship

28) Blue carbon

29) High productivity of marine upwelling zones

30) Percentage of fresh water resources 

31) The percentage of forested area in 2021 by state


Animal Species

1) Cheetah

2) Flying squirrel

3) Snow leopard

4) Swamp deer

5) Pygmy hog

6) Spider monkey

7) Gangas River Dolphins

8) Painted Stork

9) Common Myna

10) Blue-finned Mahseer

11) Irrawaddy Dolphin

12) Rusty-spotted Cat

13) Indian Nightjar

14) Spoonbill

15) Black-necked crane

16) Saltwater crocodile

17) Olive ridley turtle

18) Gharial

19) Leatherback turtle

20) Star tortoise

21) Monitor lizard

22) Great Indian Hornbill

23) Kharai camel

24) Indian wild ass

25) Wild buffalo

26) Asiatic lion

27) Double-humped camel

28) One-horned rhinoceros

29) Dugong

30) Sea cow

31) Sea horse

32) Sea lion

33) Indian elephants

34) Ceylon frogmouth

35) Coppersmith barbet

36) Gray -chinned minivet

37) White -throated redstart

38) Hard-ground barasingha (Southern swamp deer)

39) Hedgehog

40) Pangolin

41) Lion-tailed Macaque

42) Musk Deer

43) Red Panda

44) Great Indian Bustard

45) Kashmir Stag

46) Blue Bull

47) Hanuman Langur

48) Cheetal

49) Indian wild buffalo

50) Indian wild boar

51) Indian gazelle

52) Oryx

53) Chiru

54) Golden Mahseer

55) Indian Nightjar

56) Spoonbill

57) White Ibis

58) Denisovan


Plant Species

1) Sea Buckthorn

2) Red Sanders

3) Prosopis juliflora

4) Lemongrass plant – Mosquito repellent

5) Palm oil tree

6) Moringa (drumstick tree)

7) Tamarind Tree

8) Neem tree

9) Gucchi mushrooms – Fungus species

10) Himalayan nettle (Girardinia diversifolia)


Protected Areas Network

1) Valley of Flowers National Park

2) Gangotri National Park

3) Askot Wildlife Sanctuary

4) Nandadevi National Park

5) Corbett Tiger Reserve

6) Khangchendzonga National Park

7) Neora Valley National Park

8) Pakhui Wildlife Sanctuary

9) Namdapha National Park

10) Keibul Lamjao National Park

11) Manas National Park

12) Dampa Tiger Reserve 

13) Gumti Wildlife Sanctuary

14) Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary

15) Sultanpur National Park

16) Tal Chhapar Wildlife Sanctuary

17) Keoladeo Ghana National Park

18) Sariska National Park

19) Ranthambore Tiger Reserve

20) Kuno Palpur Wildlife Sanctuary

21) Desert National Park

22) Kanha National Park

23) Sunderbans Tiger Reserve

24) Bhitarkanika National Park

25) Papikonda National Park

26) Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve

27) Bandipur National Park

28) Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary

29) Nagarhole National Park

30) Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve

31) Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary

32) Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve

33) Largest area under "Critical Tiger Habitat”


Government Bodies

1) Animal Welfare Board of India

2) National Tiger Conservation Authority

3) National Ganga River Basin Authority → National Ganga Council

4) Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee

5) National Biodiversity Authority (NBA)

6) Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority

7) Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA)

8) National Green Tribunal (NGT)

9) Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)

10) Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Limited (IREDA)

11) Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee


Acts and Rules

1) Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972

2) Environment Protection Act, 1986

3) Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act, 2016

4) Forest Rights Act 2006

5) Role of Gram sabha under Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006

6) Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2010

7) Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016


International Conventions, Treaties, Protocols, Agreements, Organizations Etc.

1) Paris Agreement

2) Agenda 21

3) Global Environment Facility

4) Green Climate Fund

5) Rio+20 Conference (United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development)

6) UNREDD+ Programme

7) International Solar Alliance

8) Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)

9) International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture

10) United Convention to Combat Desertification

11) World Heritage Convention

12) Ramsar Convention

13) Montreux Record

14) Montreal Protocol

15) Kyoto Protocol

16) Nagoya Protocol

17) New York Declaration on Forests (NYDF)

18) Tree City of the World

19) Global Climate Change Alliance

20) Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC)

21) Global Alliance for Climate-Smart Agriculture (GACSA)

22) Partnership for Action on Green Economy (PAGE)

23) Momentum for Change : Climate Neutral Now

24) United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF)

25) BioCarbon Fund Initiative for Sustainable Forest Landscapes

26) Forest Carbon Partnership Facility

27) Earth Hour

28) Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

29) The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB)


NGOs

1) Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS)

2) BirdLife International

3) TRAFFIC (Trade Records Analysis of Flora and Fauna in Commerce)

4) Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resource (IUCN)

5) Wetlands International

6) The Climate Group

7) EP100 initiative


Pollution

1) Emissions from coal combustion at thermal power plants

2) Pollutants released by steel industry in India

3) Concern about copper smelting plants

4) Concerns about the furnace oil

5) Photochemical smog

6) Air Quality Index

7) Gases released into atmosphere due to the burning of crop/biomass residue

8) Sources of benzene pollution

9) WHO Air Quality Guidelines

10) Short Lived Climate Pollutants

11) Pollution from coal fired power plants

12) Coal ash

13) Sources of Lead Exposure

14) Formation of ozone hole in the Antarctic region

15) Impact of excessive/inappropriate use of nitrogenous fertilizers in agriculture

16) Sources of nitrogen pollution in environment

17) Algal blooms

18) Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)

19) Ground water exploitation in India

20) Pollutants in the drinking water – such as Arsenic, fluoride, Uranium

21) Consequences of heavy sand mining in riverbeds

22) Microbeads

23) Acid rain

24) Source of magnetite particles

25) Concern regarding the nanoparticles

26) Concerns about the brominated flame retardants

27) Uses of Chlorofluorocarbons

28) Bioasphalt

29) Bioremediation Technique and its advantages

30) Pyrolysis and plasma gasification

31) Advanced Thermal Technologies

32) Biomass gasification

33) Use of hydrogen - enriched CNG (H -CNG) as fuel

34) Steel slag and its uses

35) Copper slag

36) Cold mix asphalt technology

37) Geotextiles

38) Algae based biofuels

39) R2 Code of Practices

40) Bureau of Energy Efficiency Star Label

41) Extended producer responsibility


Climate Change

1) Carbon credits

2) Carbon dioxide as a greenhouse gas

3) Role of phytoplankton in climate change and ocean ecosystem

4) Sustainable Development Goals

5) Intended Nationally Determined Contributions

6) Annex-I Countries

7) Certified Emissions Reductions

8) Clean Development Mechanisms

9) Green India Mission

10) Greenhouse Gas Protocol

11) Potential sites for carbon sequestration

12) Carbon sequestration

13) carbon fertilization 

14) Cirrus cloud thinning technique

15) Injection of sulphate aerosol into stratosphere

16) Methane hydrate and its release

17) Social Cost of Carbon

18) Common Carbon Metric

19) Climate Smart Agriculture

20) Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS)

21) International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)

22) CCAFS Climate -Smart Villages (CSVs)

23) Impacts of global warming

24) Rice crop - anthropogenic source of both methane and nitrous oxide

25) Climate Action Tracker

26) Production of algal biofuel

27) Greenwashing

28) Biorock technology

29) Miyawaki method

30) Adverse Impacts of Global warming


Agriculture

1) Conservation Agriculture

2) Permaculture farming

3) Climate Smart Agriculture

4) Vertical farming

5) Mulching in agriculture

6) Fertigation in agriculture

7) Carbon sequestration/storage in the soil

8) Zero tillage

9) Contour bunding

10) Relay cropping

11) Salinization of soil and its effect on irrigated land

12) Micro – irrigation and its benefits

13) Techniques for water conservation in agriculture

14) Uses of the bagasse and molasses

15) Sustainable Sugarcane Initiative

16) High content of organic matter in soil –benefits

17) Role of soil in the Sulphur cycle

18) National Policy on Biofuels

19) Tensiometer Use

20) Crop diversification

21) Legume intensification

22) Biochar and its use in farming

23) Difference between conventional chemical farming and permaculture farming

24) System of Rice Intensification

25) Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS)

26) Carbofuran, methyl parathion, phorate and triazophos


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