Class Notes 4 You

Communication technologies Open-source digital platforms Web 3.0 “Qubit Short-Range devices/technologies “Software as a Service (SaaS)” Biofilms “Fractional Orbital Bombardment System” Probiotics COVID-19 vaccines B cells and T cells Solar storm Nanoparticles DNA Barcoding Sodium lamps ,LED lamps Water properties   “ACE2” Carbon nanotubes Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines Recent advances in human reproductive technology Plant and animal cells Natural mosquito repellent Adenoviruses Bacteria ,Fungi ,Virus Pressure cooker Bollgard I and Bollgard II technologies Hereditary diseases Bisphenol A ‘Recombinant vector Vaccines’ Light-years(astronomical distances) “Triclosan”  Genetic changes,pluripotent stem cells ‘Denisovan’ Spacecraft Drones Hepatitis B,C And HIV cas9 protein Multi-drug resistance in microbial pathogens ‘RNA interference (RNAi)’ technology Functional chromosomes,Artificial functional DNA, “Public Key Infrastructure” Visible light communication (VLC) technology Ar...

Biotechnology has overhauled the agricultural sector with its widespread applications. It has enabled stakeholders to obtain greater yield with reduced energetic costs. Role of biotechnology in improving the living standards of farmers: ● Increased Farm Productivity: Capacity to produce more output per area will result in subsequent increase in profits. ● Climate and pest resistant crops: led to decrease in cost of inputs for farmers. ● Increased Shelf life: Will help in reduction of post-harvest losses. ● Enhanced nutritional profile: Results in increased market value of the produce. ● Discovery of new varieties: New varieties of species always have more demands. This will create more profits for farmers.eg-: New varieties of Basmati rice. ● Augmentation in Exports: Improved Quality increases demand in the global market. ● Tailor made plants as an alternative to industrial inputs (starch, fuel, pharmaceutical): This has potential of improving agricultural-industrial relations leading ...

Traditional knowledge is integral to the identity of most local communities. It is a key constituent of a community’s social and physical environment. As per records of the global trademark offices it was found that approximately 2,000 patents had been issued at a cost of millions for medical plants and traditional systems that are prevalent in India. In this context Government of India took following steps to protect them from patent: Ministry of AYUSH: Dedicated ministry was formed for the traditional medicine system. Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) Made Indian traditional medicine knowledge available in the public domain so as to check the genuineness of the patent. Prevented thousands of patents from being filed internationally. Recognition under UNESCO intangible cultural heritage: UNESCO recognition to traditional medicinal knowledge such as Ayurveda, Yoga, Sowa Rigpa, Unani etc has allowed India to establish link with the country of origin and prevented patenting. S...

Recently, the Government has announced that India’s first space station would be set up by 2030. India's proposal towards space station: 1. Much smaller in mass (20 tonnes) than the International Space Station. 2. Preliminary plan-to accommodate astronauts for up to 20 days in space (an extension of the Gaganyaan mission). 3. Orbit Earth at an altitude of around 400km 4. Space docking experiment (Spadex)-Technology for making space stations functional. Benefit for our space programme: 1. Microgravity experimentation lab- for astrobiology, materials science, space medicine and space weather. 2. Repair, maintenance and refuelling station 3. Space terminal for a space voyage 4. Earth Observation (Remote- Sensing) 5. Astronomical observations- Solar flares, meteorites etc. 6. Deep Space exploration 7. Sustenance of Human Space Mission 8. Global Position as Space power- Countering china’s hegemony. Challenges 1. Budget Constraints. 2. Technological hindrances- Upgradation of GSLV-MK II...

Nanotechnology is the branch of technology that deals with dimensions and tolerances of less than 100 nanometres. Nanotechnology is applied in various fields due to its ability to change physical, chemical, and biological properties and manipulate it to achieve the required functionality which is otherwise not possible with bulk materials. Applications of Nanotechnology in healthcare: 1. Accuracy in disease diagnosis: Carbon nanotubes have been used to detect diseases such as HIV and cancer. Nanoflares are used for detection of cancer cells in the bloodstream. Similarly, nanotechnology- based TB diagnostic kit, currently undergoing clinical trials. 2. Precise Drug Delivery: Tackle the issues of low drug absorption rate by the body. Precision drugs have the characteristics of better permeation of the active ingredient to cell membranes. 3. Cell Repair: Manufactured nano-robots repairs at the cellular level. 4. Antibacterial Treatments: Technique to kill bacteria using gold nanoparticles...

Biotechnology is a technique that utilizes biological systems to create different products. Ongoing Covid pandemic has resurfaced the importance of biotechnology. Some research and development achievements in applied biotechnology: 1. Genetically Modified Organism: Made crops pest and drought resistant. E.g.: BT cotton, Golden Rice, etc. 2. Recombinant DNA: DNA from different sources is combined to form a new DNA sequence. Its application is: a). Genetically Engineered Insulin for treatment of patients with diabetes. b). Curing adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency: Only genetic engineering has a permanent cure of ADA. c). Gene Therapy: It helps in correcting the gene defects. E.g.: 3 parent baby. d). CRISPR technology: Gene-editing tool. 3. Messenger RNA Vaccine: Uses a copy of a molecule to produce an immune response. E.g.: Covid vaccines. 4. 3D Printed Organs: Artificial construction of internal organs like heart, kidney, and liver.  Potential of Bio technology in uplifting poore...

At a time when India used to witness frequent droughts and famines, contributions of Sir M Visvesvaraya in the field of water management and Dr M S Swaminathan in agricultural sciences, proved to be a guiding light for India. Contribution of Sir M Visvesvaraya. 1. Key role in development of water utilisation techniques, irrigation systems and hydropower harvesting. 2. Instrumental in construction of Krishna Raja Sagara (KRS) dam in Mysore. 3. Designed and patented a system of automatic weir water floodgates. 4. Developed a system for flood protection in Hyderabad. 5. Developed a system to protect Visakhapatnam port from sea erosion. Contribution of Dr M S Swaminathan. 1. Known as 'Norman Borlaug of India', for he is the father of green revolution in India. 2. Worked on plant genetics and agricultural research, produced a cross of wheat crops. 3. Pushed for fortified crops. 4. Developed improved varieties of seeds, better farming methods, soil and water management. 5. Chaired N...

Debate of global warming and climate change is compelling the world to move from fossil-based energy towards clean and green energy. Issues with conventional energy generation : Coal - Carbon emission and limited supply Nuclear energy- Technological barriers and involves high risk Biofuels- Contributes to deforestation, soil erosion and unsustainable in nature. In this context Solar energy has gained immense popularity due to benefits it offers compared to conventional ones: Limitless- Sun as a source can never dry up and can be used continuously without fearing end of supply. Conventional sources such as coal may dry up in future. Clean energy- Non-polluting and zero greenhouse gas contribution. Affordable- Easy to adopt and install and has high domestic utility. Income generating- Not restricted to just large companies or governments to set up solar power plants. Individuals can also set up plants and can sell to distributing companies. Easy to transport- Minimum energy loss. Initiat...

The impact of science can be seen in all spheres of life such as: Healthcare- Antibiotics, gene therapy, vaccine, etc. Industries- Automation, Innovation, etc. Transportation. Communication. Food and lifestyle- ACs, heater, microwave, etc.  It is so deeply interwoven in material as well as intellectual aspects of human lives that today even self- discovery is technologically outsourced. Its impact on agriculture in one such aspect. Changes in Agriculture due to science-based technologies: Precision Agriculture: Use of drones, data analysis Remote-sensing. Genetically-Modified crops: Increased productivity and resilience. Green Revolution: Use of hybrid seeds, threshers, cultivators, seeders, mechanization. Water Management: Drip irrigation, cloud-automated and timed sprinkler systems and subsurface water lines. Smart Agriculture: Using data science, IoTs, robotics to analyze soil, seed quality, predicting crop yields, etc. Nanotechnology based Agriculture: Nanosensors in crop prote...

The S-400 Triumf is a mobile, surface-to-air missile system (SAM) designed by Russia. It is the most dangerous operationally deployed modern long-range SAM (MLR SAM) in the world, considered much ahead of the US-developed Terminal High Altitude Area Defence system (THAAD) and Patriot PAC-3.  Comparative Analysis of S-400 with other advanced defence system:  S-400 Triumf (Russia) Capable of firing any aerial target within a range of 400km. It has an ability to simultaneously track upto 160 objects in 600 km. It can intercept and shoot the moving targets with a maximum speed of 17km/hr. It can be assembled and deployed within five minutes. It is economical as it costs approximately only $500 million.  Patriot PAC-3 (The Phased Array Tracking to Intercept of Target (PATRIOT) Advanced Capability- Three) USA Ability to intercept aerial targets at a range of 180 km and of launching ballistic missiles upto a range of 100 km. It can track only 36 objects simultaneously. Whereas, ...

In 2014, Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources. LED invention has tremendous impact on the everyday life of human being due to following features it has:  Characteristic Features Energy Efficiency - 60-70 percent improvement in energy use with respect to regular bulbs. Longer life span- Lasts 50,000hours to 100000hours. Ability to operate in cold conditions - Perform better in cold temperatures by about 5%. Cost effectiveness.  Impact on everyday life Seen in most of the organizations- Schools, workplace, institutions, hospitals, etc. Becoming the first choice of everyone, especially in Parking lots, outdoor signage, perimeter of buildings, which needs t ofunctionals 24*7. Used in freezer, meat lockers, cold storage spaces and refrigerated display. Resulted in financial savings and improved standard of living. Other impacts of LED in daily lives Environment-fri...

UPSC CSE Mains 2021 GS-3 Questions Q.1) भारत की सकल घरेलू उत्पाद (जी.डी.पी.) के वर्ष 2015 के पूर्व तथा वर्ष 2015 के पश्चात् परिकलन विधि में अन्तर की व्याख्या कीजिए। (150 शब्दों में उत्तर दीजिए)  Explain the difference between computing methodology of India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) before the year 2015 and after the year 2015. (Answer in 150 words) (10 marks) Q.2) पूँजी बजट तथा राजस्व बजट के मध्य अन्तर स्पष्ट कीजिए । इन दोनों बजटों के संघटकों को समझाइए (150 शब्दों में उत्तर दीजिए)  Distinguish between Capital Budget and Revenue Budget. Explain the components of both these Budgets. (Answer in 150 words) Q.3) देश के कुछ भागों में भूमि सुधारों ने सीमांत और लघु किसानों की सामाजिक-आर्थिक स्थिति को सुधारने के लिए किस प्रकार सहायता की है ? (150 शब्दों में उत्तर दीजिए)  How did land reforms in some parts of the country help to improve the socio-economic conditions of marginal and small farmers? (Answer in 150 words) Q.4) भारत के जल संकट के समाधान में, सूक्ष्म-सिंचाई कैस...

 UPSC CSE Mains GS-3  2021 Questions  Q.1)  Explain the difference between computing methodology of India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) before the year 2015 and after the year 2015.  (Answer in 150 words) Q.2)  Distinguish between Capital Budget and Revenue Budget. Explain the components of both these Budgets. (Answer in 150 words) Q.3) How did land reforms in some parts of the country help to improve the socio-economic conditions of marginal and small farmers?  (Answer in 150 words) Q.4)  How and to what extent would micro-irrigation help in solving India’s water crisis? (Answer in 150 words) Q.5) How is the S-400 air defence system technically superior to any other system presently available in the world?  (Answer in 150 words) Q.6)  Explain the purpose of the Green Grid Initiative launched at the World Leaders Summit of the COP26 UN Climate Change Conference in Glasgow in November 2021. When was this idea first floated in the Interna...

Subject-wise Analysis of UPSC Past 10 Year Questions. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PART - 1 Space Technology [ 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2011, 2010 ] • Application of Indian Remote Sensing Satellites [2019, 2015] • IRNSS [2018] • Satellite launch vehicle [2018] • SIngularity , Event horizon, String Theory, Standard Model [2017] • Mangalyaan [2016] • Aastrosat [2016] • Messenger [2014] • Voyager 1 and 2 [2014] • Cassini - Huygens [2014] • Orbiting of satellite [2011] • Geostationary orbit [2011] • Oceansat-2 [2010] • Mini- satellite Bhuvan [2010] Nuclear technology [ 2017, 2011 ] • Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Technology [2017] • Nuclear Reactor [2011] Nano Technology [ 2016, 2015, 2014, 2012 ] • International ThermoNuclear Experimental Reactor [2016] • Health Sector [2015] • Nano Particles [2014] • Thorium application [2012] • Graphene [2012] • Subatomic Particles Information and Communication Technology [ 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2011, 2010 ] • Wearable Devices [2019...

Vision IAS Economy Complete Videos Gdrive Link👇 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1Ussi1_eb5_KTUtv3_ycT-KwI5Xz0GSW2 Vision IAS SCIENCE AND TECH  Gdrive Link https://drive.google.com/open?id=1fzcorYtGuMnAC3UIscn5Z6rCqaG9q5nx