Agriculture FACTS for CSE Mains

India-11%-of-world's-arable-land-area. (2020)

R&D:

• Allocation is a meagre Rs 8518 cr.  (Budget 2021). 1/3rd of what a pvt company like Bayer spends on agri R&D (20k cr)

Share-in-total-investment:

• 17.9%-in-1950s
• 7.9%-in-1990s
• 9%-in-2002-03
• 5.6%-in-2005-06
• share of public sector in the total investment in agriculture has declined more sharply during the 1990s (6.5 per cent), as compared to the 1980s (11.6 per cent), while that of private sector investment has gone up simultaneously
• >70%-is-pvt.(Share-increased
• TOtal:Increased,not-steadily

Brain Drain:

Why is agri less remunerative?

• Recent RBI study:
• Avg potato farmer earns only 28% of what consumer pays
• Across all crops, farmgate prices are 40-60% less than consumer price
• 30-40% of post harvest value is lost due to storage, transport losses

General stats: 

Fao: 60% global popn still dependent on agri, but contributes only 4% of global GDP.  

India- China- Israel: ( Book : From Food scarcity to Surplus by Ashok Gulati)

Average landholding size: 1.08, 0.9, 

Yet, China produces 3x more output than India from smaller arable land.

Agri's contribution to gdp: 17%, 8%, 1%

Workforce in agri: 42%, 26%, <1%.

China's economix reforma startinf 1978: Agri income more than doubled between 1978-84 (6 yrs). This generated demand for industrial goods, sowing seeds for manufacturing revolution led by Town and Village wnterprises (TEVs)

80% of blocks of Punjab are over-exploited or critical

Agri export policy: DOuble exports from 30 bn to 60 bn USD by 2022, and 100 bn in next few yrs. 

• 2019-20: 33 bn USD exports (10% of total exports), imports are 4.9% of total imports

Agri insurance:

• 

Transport-and-marketing-Assistance:

• Min-of-Commerce
• Dairy-included
• Rates of assistance have been increased, by 50% for exports by sea and by 100% for exports by air.

Thamirabarani:

• Perrenial-river.
• Agastyarkoodam peak(Kerela-TN-border) of Pothigai hills of the Western Ghats.
• only perennial river in Tamil Nadu.

Good-steps:

• Agro-climatic-crop-regionalization:
• Bihar's-Kishanganj:_Digital-fertility-map.Decide-which-crops-to-grow-in-particular-areas-for-better-gains.

Backward linkages:

• Seeds:
• Seed Minikit Programme - by Min f agri. high yeilding varities of seeds of pulses and oilseeds to farmers. Wholly centre-funded under NFSA

National Mission for Sustainable agri: 

• National Bamboo mission: increase area under bamboo cultivation, promote bamboo products

Agri and Food processing:

• NAVI mumbai based startup S4S technologies -solar powered dehydrators to women farmer clusters. 
• startup brings them raw materials from farms, collects the dried produce from them and sells the output to makers of food like snacks, soups and flavoured noodles as well as commercial kitchen
• Women farmers benefiting immensely. Turmeric, ginger, etc being dryed. Increased profits

Subsidies:

• More than 2.5 lakh cr spent on farm subsidies of various kinds. 

Fisheries:

•     Target to raise exports to 1 lakh cr by 2024 
• 55 lakh jobs (direct and indirect) - target
• PM - Matsyaya sampada - under aatmanirbhar

Beekeeping:

• UN - World Bee day
• Beekeeping being promoted as part of doubling farmers income
• 500 cr under Atmanirbhar Bharat
• National Bee Board- National Beekeeping and Honey Mission - 30 lakh farmers trained
• 'Honey Mission' as part of 'Sweet Revolution'
• India among world's top 5 honey producers
• Compared to 2005-06 honey production has risen by 242% and exports shot by 265%.

Edu in Agri:

• National Agri higher edu programme - ICAR, for 5 yrs starting 2017-18. WB + GoI

Technology in Agri: Agri 4.0

Agri liberalization:

• Farm laws

• Contract farming:
• Challenges: ( divide for farmers, sponsors)
• Criticised for being biased in favour of large firms, farmers
• Problems like undue quality cuts, delayed payments
• Monopsony
• Adverse gender effects. Women less likely to access contract farming
• Access to legal protection
• Social and cultural constraints
• Lack of proper retail supply chain
• New laws do not make written contracts mandatory.
• Do not guarantee any minimum price for produce
• 86% farmers are small and marginal
• RKVY:
• Allied sectors covered:
• Crop Husbandry (including Horticulture)
• Animal Husbandry, Dairy Development and Fisheries
• Agricultural Research and Education
• Agricultural Marketing
• Food storage and Warehousing
• Soil and Water Conservation
• Agricultural Financial Institutions
• Other Agriculture Programmes and Cooperati
• High degree of flexibility to states. 

: Recently, the entire Lakshadweep group of islands has been declared as an organic agricultural area under the Participatory Guarantee System (PGS) of India.

Union Territory was formed in 1956.

 Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes list (Modification Orders), 1956, the inhabitants of Lakshadweep who and both of whose parents are born in these islands are treated as Scheduled Tribes.

• 
  Oilseeds:
• India is 5th largest producer, but still a net importer of oilseeds
• 70% are grown in rainfed areas
• National mission on oilseeds and oil palm - 2014-15 to 2017-18. Merged with NFSM from 2018-19
• Tech mission - focussed on self-sufficiency and elimination of imports. 
• Farm loan waivers
• 
  
• Case study (Ethics):
• About 12,000 suicide deaths in Maharashtra between 2015-18, despite 19,000 cr on loan waivers spent. 
• Loan waiver: 
• Either increase govt’s fiscal deficit => Crowding out, higher costs of borrowing = > less job creation etc 
• or cut down expenditure => 
• RBI:  loan waivers not only inhibit investment in the farm sector but put pressure on the fiscal of states which undertake farm loan waiver.
• Direct income support:
• PM Kisan Samman Nidhi - now extended to all land holding eligible farmer families (subject to the prevalent exclusion criteria).
• Complete expenditure of 75k cr for 2019-20 borne by central govt
• 6000 per year
• Cold storage:
• Current is used only by 10% fruits and veges
• 336 LMT. 64% in large procurement states like Pb,hr, UP, AP
• North India ahs 60%
• 97% horti through roads
• Inequality:
• 60% of these cold storages are located in just four states Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, West Bengal and Gujarat
• Livestock:
• National livestock mission (under national programme for bovine breeding and dairy development). Development and conservation of bovine population, thereby enhancing productivity and production. 
• 21 Gokul Grams in native breeding tracts, & near metro areas.
• Supply of high genetic breeding stock
• Self-sustaining. Economic resources from sale of cow milk (A2 milk, lacks B-casein protein called A1), organic manure, vermi-composting, electricity from biogas etc.
• In situ-training centre for farmers etc
• Milch and unproductive animals in ratio 60:40
• Undertake breed improvement. 
• Enhance milk production and productivity. 
• Distribute disease free high genetic merit bulls or natural service.
• Foot and mouth disease - virus picornavirus. Highly infectious among animals, spread through contact. Rare in humans. Brucellosis - bacterial infection. Can be contracted in humans upon consuming unpasteurised milk 
• National Animal disease control programme: 100% centrally sponsored. Control FMD and Brucellosis by 2025, and eradication by 2030. Vaccinate more than 500 mn livestock for FMD. All states/UTs
• 20th Livestock Census, Dept of animal husbandry and dairying: released Oct 2019
• Total popn: 536 mn. Increased 4.6% over Census 2012
• Decline of 6% in indigenous cattle population. But indigenous FEMALE cattle popn increased
• Total cattle increase - 0.8%, Female cattle popn increase - 18%
• Total bovine popn - increase of 1%
• Exotic and indigenous cattle - 50 and 142 mn resp. 
• Pig popn declined, rest all increased. 
• popn of yak, horse, mule, camels, donkey declined
• UP > RAj > MP.
• UP’s, Raj's livestock popn declined
• Importance: 32% of total value of agri and allied activities in 2006-07. Risk mitigation strategy for poorest.  Women empowerment, as livestock rearing mostly a women-led activity. 
• Initiatives:
• SUTRA Pic: DST, supported by DBT, CSIR, Ministry of AYUSH , ICMR etc
• Research on indigeneous cows. (milk, milk products, nutritional and therapeutic prop of curd, ghee, standards for dairy products. 
• Animal husbandry Infra development fund: 15k cr.
• Eligible? Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs), MSMEs, Section 8 Companies, Private Companies and individual entrepreneur with only 10% margin money contribution by them. Rest 90% contribution to be loan component
• Credit guarantee fund of 750 cr. 25% guarantee coverage. Managed by NABARD
• Dairy sector: India is largest milk producer (18%) but not even among top 10 exporters. NZ - top exporter (19% of total exports), and exports about 90% of its production
• Should we reduce tariffs (RCEP)
• MNCs like Nestle (Swiss), French Danone operating in India. But at present, they buy milk from Indian farmers since tariff for dairy products is about 35%
• If no tariffs, imported milk from NZ would be half the price in Indian markets. (Extensive grazing lands, economies of scale, high productivity of milch animals)
• 70 mn households dependent on dairy in India (TISS) 
• Digitall:
• a Facebook group for organic farmers in India with a member strength of 22,000 
• Apiculture -
• Doubling farmers’ income goal
• Products like honey, wax, pollen, propolis, bee venom
• India ranks 8th in world in honey production. China- first (FAO), 2017-18
• Honey mission: Of Khadi and village industries commission. August 2017
• Distribute bee-boxes to farmers. 
• Practical training in apiculture
• Loans for setting up processing and packaging units. 
• Honey FPO Programme - by NAFED. Launched under Formation and Promotion of FPOs (Central sector scheme to promote 10k new FPOs
• MSME recently - ‘Apiary on wheels’. Designed by KVIC. Easy upkeep and migration of bee boxes having live bee colonies. Platform which can carry 20 bee boxes from 1 place to another without difficulty. 
• Bibek debroy committee- advancing beekeeping in India (Beekeeping development committee) recommendations:
• Devp national and regional infra for storage, processing, marketing
• Training and devp beekeepers
• Recognize apiculture as a subject of advanced research. 
• Plantation of bee-friendly flora and encourage women SHGs in their management. 
• Volume of honey export increased from 29.6 to 51.5 thousand tonnes between 2014-15 and 2017-18
• In
• Sericulture:
• India - 2nd largest producer after China. 18% of world.  Largest consumer. Only country that produces all 5 varieties on commercial scale. Mulberry. -70%, eri - 30%. Global monopoly in production of golden “muga’ silk
• Ktk(55%)MP(40%)>TN>Punjab
• Eri-silk:
• Assam, Bihar, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland and West Bengal
• cannot be reeled and hence it is only spun
• Muga-only-assam
• INITIATIVES:
• Silk Samagra- By Central Silk board. Empower downtrodden, backward, tribals through sericulture activities. 
• Textiles: India is world’s 2nd largest producer after China
• Largest producer of cotton and jute in world. 2nd largest of polyester, silk and fibre. 
• 2nd largest employment provider after agri. 4.5 cr employed
• 15% of India’s export earnings in 2018-19
• Initiatives:
• Textiles committee- statutary. 1963. Labs for testing, inspection, examination. 
• Cotton:
• 
  
• India - largest producer, second largest exporter. China and US follow. Suvin - finest quality - produced in Tamil nadu. 2019 prodn - 354 lakh bales - projected to be highest ever.
• 36% of world’s area under cotton prodn in India
• India grows all 4 species
• Drought resistant crop ideal for arid climates. Just 2.1% of world’s arable land, but 27% of world’s textile need
• Cotton yarn:
• India contributes 25% in world trade
• Largest exporter in international market
•  Cotton – 4 countries, Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad and Mali
• World cotton day - hosted by WTO
• 
• Reasons for India’s low yield: 
• India grows cotton as hybrids. (Only country that does so) Hybrids require more inputs. (Diff between hybrids and varieties: varieties can b propagated over successive generations via seeds, but hybrids have to be remade for each planting by crossing the parents.
• Many countries have adopted HDP (High density planting), whereas Indian hybrids are planted at much lower density. Eg - Razil. 
• 65% area under cotton in India is rainfed. Indian hybrids are long duration and water requirement is crucial.  (HDPs with reduced water requirement can be beneficial here also)
• Jute:
• Geo-textiles:
• Coir - 100% natural. Coconut husk
• Naturally resistant to rots, molds, moisture. Free from any microbial attack. Needs no chem treatment. Permeable, natural and strong fabric with high durability. 
• Rubber: 1.3 mn rubber farmers contributing to 1 lakh cr industry. 

• Floriculture
• sunrise industry, accorded a 100% export oriented status. 
• The new seed policy has already made it feasible to import planting material of international variety. Commercial floriculture has higher potential per unit area than most of the field crops => lucrative business (APEDA)
• Horticulture:
• India second in fruit and vegetable production in world, after CHina
• Share in global market: 1% only
• MIDH:National Horticulture Board (NHB) in all States and UTs and by the Coconut Development Board (CDB) in all coconut growing states in the country.
• covering fruits, vegetables, root & tuber crops, mushrooms, spices, flowers, aromatic plants, coconut, cashew, cocoa and bamboo. 
• 60%-for-general-states,90%-for-NE+Himalayan
• 100%-of-total-outlay-for-National Horticulture Board (NHB), Coconut Development Board (CDB), Central Institute for Horticulture (CIH) and Nagaland and the National Level Agencies (NLA).
• Issues:
• India’s average yield is still 1-1.5 ton per hectare, while for countries like Japan, it is 5-6 tonne per hectare
• Centre for Study of Developing Societies (CSDS), study report, “State of Indian Farmers” says that 76 per cent farmers would prefer to do some work other than farming. Sixty-one per cent of these farmers would prefer to be employed in cities because of better education, health and employment avenues.
• Fragmentation of landholdings - 86% farmers in India small and marginal (<2 ha land) (Agri census 2015-16). Only 4% are rich farmers, control 20% of agri income
• Pest infestation:
• Fall army-worm - Maize. polyphagous (feed on multiple foods) nature, ability to spread to large distances makes it dangerous. First detected in Africa. 
• Water-intensive:
• India-extracts-largest-amt-of-GW-in-world.25%(UNESCO)
• Credit:
• Institutional is still 61%. non-institutional - 30%. 9% householfs - both insttn and non-inttn (make pie-chart) (report of internal working group on agri credit of RBI)
• Kisan credit cards: Scheme prepared by NABARD. Being implemented by all cooperative banks. RRBs and PSBs. Features:
• Extended to animal husbandry farmers and fisheries. 
• Crop loans disbursed under KCC are covered under Crop Insurance scheme. To protect interest against crop loss.
• Limit fixed is based on operational landholdings , cropping patterns, scale of finance.
• Card valid for 5 years subject to annual review.  
• MSP:
• CACP uses A2+FL as cost of production. (Actual expenses + unpaid family labor)
• Most comprehensive is C2: which is A2+ FL + rentals and interest foregone on land and capital .
• VFC tobacco, de-husked coconut, raw cotton, raw jute, copra, 8 oilseeds, 5 pulses, 7 cereals. Sugarcane - FRP
• Seed quality and IPR issues:
• International Treaty on Plant Genetic resources for Food and Agriculture: Adopted at 31st session of FAO conference of UN in 2001. 
• Food security through conservation, exchange, sustainable use of plant genetic resources
• Provisions: 
• Access and benefit sharing: Access to members of ratifying nations for purposes of research, training. Prevents recipients from claiming IPR over those resources
• Farmers’ rights - protecting traditional knowledge of farmers, ensuring their share in benefit from use of these resources. 
• sustainable use: development and maintenance of diverse farming systems. 
• International convention for protection of new varieties of plants - Adopted in Paris in 1961
• Establishd intl Union for Protection of New Varieties of Plants. HQ - Geneva. India joined in 2002
• Protection of plant varieties and Farmers’ rights act, 2001: recognizes contribution of both commercial breeders and farmers. 
• Breeders’ rights : exclusive right to produce, sell, market, distribute, import, export the protected varieties
• Researchers’ rights: can use any of the registered varieties for conducting research. Repeated use needs prior breeder permission
• Farmers’ rights:
• entitled to register, protect a new variety developed (same way as breeder)
• can save, use, re-use, sow, exchange,  share or sell farm produce including protected seed variety, in same manner as entitled before coming of Act. (Not entitled to sell branded seed of protected variety)
• Entitled to compensation for non-performance of variety. 
• Processing, storage infra:
• 92k cr post-harvest losses - GoI estimates, 2014
• 97% horti produce transported via roads. If shifted to rail, losses can be significantly reduced
• Shanta Kumar committee - restructuring FCI to improve its financial management , opera9ñtional efficiency in production, storage and distribution of food grains.Key recos:
• Allow private players to procure
• Reduce beneficiaries under Food security act (from 67% to 40%)
• FCI should involve in full fledged grain procurement only in states poor in procurement. Recommends that grain procurement in Haryana, Punjab etc be delegated to states, and FCI focus more on eastern states
• Outsource stocking of grains (Negotiable warehousing receipts etc)
• Adopt silos instead of gunny bags for storage. 
• Rail connectivity and end to end computerization,online tracking
• Proactive liquidation policy for excess buffer stocks. 
• Export:
• Not to high income countries:
• >90% india's rice export to asian, african countries. <5% to European countries
• Recent report: Recent GM rice controversy. GM traces found in rice imported from india,by france.
• Subsidies:
• “subsidies are not a cure for farm crisis but just a prescription for short-term relief” - P. Sainath
• Irrigation:
• National Watershed Project (Neeranchal) - WB assisted. MoRD Total cost: nearly 2000 cr. 50% as loan from WB. achieve watershed component of PMKSY, Per drop more crop. 
• Aimed to address:
• institutional changes in watershed and rainfed agri management practises in India.. 
• Build systems towards better watershed programmes and rainfed irrigation management practises. 
• sustainable anf improved watershed mgmt. 
• watershed plus approach for improved equity, livelihoods and income through forward linkages. 
• PMKSY: 50,000 cr to be spent over 5 yrs to bring 140 lakh ha addtn area under irrigation. 
• micro irrigation fund under NABARD with corpus of 5000 cr
• Pest attack:
• Locust: 4 found in India - Desert locust, Migratory, Bombay, tree locust
• Desert locus most destructive
• Normal breeding season: July-October.
• Control: Organophosphatic chemicals
• R&D, tech:
• Sahakar Mitra scheme - By NCDC (statutary, under Agri ministry). financial support to interns for internship period of 4 months, in fields like agri, cooperative, finance etc. 
• National agri higher edu project- GoI and WB funded.
• relevant and high quality edu to agri univ students in tune with NEP 2020
• Krishi Megh - data recovery centre of ICAR. Set up at national academy of agri research mgmt at Hyd 
• equipped with AI and deep learning software for image analysis, deep learning in livestock etc.
• Agri markets:
• Only 30-40% of Indian paddy and wheat is sold via mandis. 40-50% to private players
• Only 6630 mandis in 2019. NCA had recommended 41k. Farmers don’t find it economical to bear high transportcost of selling o mandis. Sell to pvt players
• National commission for agri - recommended every farmer should have a mandi within 1 hour of distance by cart
• APMCs need to reform 
• Feminisation:
• at least 30 percent of the expenditure allocated for agricultural schemes is being incurred for women
• Mahila-Kisan-Sashaktikaran-Pariyojana:
• Sub-comp-of-NRLM-DAY
• Upto60%-funding-support(90%-NE)for-projects
• Sustainable agriculture:
• National mission for sustainable agriculture:
• Soil health management:
• Paramparagat Krishi vikas Yojana: promote organic farming by cluster approach (50 acre clusters) and PGS certification. 
• Organic:
• APEDA, 2018 data: India ranked 9th in terms of world organic agri land, and 1st in terms of no of producers.
• MP has largest area under organic certification, followed by Raj, Mh, UP. MP also largest producer. Category wise: Oilseeds largest production.
• Mission organic value chain development for NE region - central sector scheme of MoA&FW. Develop certified organic production and link entire value chain. 8 NE states.
• Certification mechanisms:
• Agri ministry’s Participatory Guarantee system (PGS) - locally focussed quality assurance system with active participation of stakeholders. Built on foundations of trust, social networks and knowledge exchange
• Individual farmers/groups smaller than 5 not covered under PGS
• PGS-India certification program is applicable for local and domestic market. PGS certified products cannot be exported to other countries as organic.
• NPOP-APEDA,Min-of-commerce
• recognized by the European Union and Switzerland 
• HIghest-accreage-under-organic:
• MP>Raj>Mh
• Only-sikkim-has-become-fully-organic
• Exports:
• Major organic exports from India: Flax-seeds, sesame, soyabean, tea, medicinal plants, rice, pulses
• Paramparagat krishi vikas yojana
• Mission organic value chain Development for NE Region (MOVCD)
• Soils:
• 2015 Status of the world’s soil resources report (FAO) - More Carbon resides in the soil than in the atmosphere and all plant life combined. (Carbon sequestration)
• 2500 bn tonnes in soil, 800 in atm and 560 in plants 
• 
  
• Zero Budget natural farming: Pioneered by agro-scientist Subhash Palekar - a farmer from Vidharba
• More than 40 yrs ago, Japanese Masanobu Fukuoka in his book, the “One straw revolution” advocated a return to natural farming. A simple idea, but revolutionary concept: Leave the earth alone. Stunned the wold with crop yields that equalled, if not surpassed. those of Japan’s best farms. 
• 4 wheels - jiwamrits, bijamrita, mulching and waaphasa (watering)
• Other sustainable farming systems - Madagascar’s SRI, India - Vedic farming, Agnihotra Farming
• Intercropping: produce greater yield on a given piece of land by making use of resources of ecological processes that would otherwise not be utilized by a single crop.
• Approaches:
• Mixed - 2/more crops planted in a mix without row arrangement
• Row
• Relay
• Strip - in separate strips wide apart enough for independent cultivation
• Kerela govt planning to modify existing laws to allow the management to inter-crop cash crops with food crops. Kerela agri university has zoned Kerela into 23 agro-climatic zones. Suggested that for high altitude tea plantations, ideal inter-crops - orange, apple, avocado, grapefruit etc. For rubber plantations - rambutan, mangosteen, other tropical fruits. Jack-fruit as shade tree in tea, coffee, rubber plantations. 
• Green Ag Project:  for 5 states: Mizoram, Raj, MP, Orissa, Uk
• FUnded by GEF. Dept of Agri to execute. FAO, MoEF also involved in implementaiton
• Integrate biodiversity, cliate change, sustainable land mgmt into agri
• Arakunomics- new integrated economic model. Ensures profits to farmers, quality to consumers through regenerative agriculture. Tribute to tribal farmers of Araku region (Andhra pradesh) for world-class coffee, and for the high-carbon landscape transformation they did by planting 25 mn trees. 
• Food visions 2050 - centres on ABCDEFGH framework:
• agri, biology, compost, decentralized decision making, entrepreneurs, familis, global markets, headstands
• Food system vision prize by Rockefeller. 
• Climate-resilience:
• NICRA (national innovations on climate resilient agri) - by ICAR, during 11h FYP. 350 cr outlay
• Tea Plantations:
• Plantation workers act, 1951 gives certain social and economic rights to workers. 
• Mandatory to provide housing acco. To every worker. Surveys in WB suggest that not fulfilled
• Water, sanitation, cess to quality edu severely lacking
• Provisions for medical facilities mandatory. Severely lacking in real. 
• Horticulture:
• Hortinet - mobile app developed by APEDA - facilitating farm registration, testing, certification for export from India to EU. 
• Initiatives against price volatility:
• Operation Greens: by MoFPI. NAFED is nodal agency
• Stabilize supply of TOP crops, outlay of 500 cr. Promote FPOs, agri-logistics, processing facilities, professional management. (Onions are most volatile, potatoes least. Potatoes have highest processing to production ratio of the three )
• Onion price hike: Issues
• Sowing cycle: 65% of the annual production of the bulb is in the rabi crop which is sown between December and January and harvested between April and May. This onion produce, which is stored by farmers and traders, meets the export as well as domestic demand until the arrival of the Kharif crop which is sown between May and June and harvested between October and November. Late kharif crop is sown between August and September and harvested between January and February. Kharif and late Kharif crops account for about 15% and 20% respectively of the annual production.  Kharif onion is of rather poor quality and cannot be stored for very long. Every year, there is a spike in prices starting in September which stretches until October and early November when stocks of rabi onion are low and kharif onion is yet to arrive in the market.
• Lower areas under onion
• Excessive rainfall, floods in parts of Mh
• Price stabilization Fund - Under Dept of consumer affairs (was set up under Min of Agri n 2014-15, but later transferred to consumer affairs). Central sector
• Maintaining a strategic buffer for pulses, oilseeds, onion, etc. (20 lakh tonnes pulses). 
• Procurement by NAFED and SFAC
• Procurement directly from farmers and farmer organizations. Losses shared b/w centre and states
• Maintained by SFAC
• MIEWS (Market Intelligence and Early warning system) - platform for real time monitoring of TOP prices. Generate alerts for intervention under Opn Greens. Launched - Min of Food processing industries. 
• Insurance:
• PM fasal bima yojana:
• Launched April 2016, after rolling back NAIS, MNAIS. 
• Uniform premium of 2% for Kharif, 1.5% Rabi and 5% horticultural. 
• Challenges:
• Data constraints
• Low payout of claims: As only few state govts playing premium on time, and hence centre doesn’t pay its share either. 
• Lack of use of modern tech in assessing claims
• Less number of notified crops
• Indequate infra for proper implementation
• Recent changes:
• Central subsidy to be limited for premium rates upto 30% for unirrgated areas, 25% for irrigated. 
• Distts with more than 50% irrigated land considere irrigated area
• Enrollment made voluntary for all farmers
• Central share in subsidy to NE increased to 90% from existing share of 50:50
• PM Kisan Maan dhan yojana: small and marginal farmers
• Voluntary and contributory for farmers in 18-40. Monthly pension of Rs 3000 pm on attaining age 60. Spouse also eligible for separate 3000 on making separate contributions. 
• LIC- manager
• If farmer dies, spouse will recieve 50% as family pension. If both die, corpus credited back to Pension Fund. 
• Can voluntarily exit after 5 yrs of regular contri
• Cooperatives:
• National agricultural cooperative federation of India ltd: 1958, registered under Multi-state cooperative societies act. Promote cooperative marketing of agri produce. Composition: Agri farmers are main members. 
• Case studies:
• Dharani cooperative in AP - organic food. Farmer collectives help invest in processing facilities, loans etc. 
• Timbaktu Collective - a large SHG centred around women, AP. Dharani cooperative was setup with their help
• Farmers Unions:
• Bhartiya Kisan Union
• Shetkari Sangathan 

Doubling Farmers’ income: NITI’s recommendations

• Precision faming/Satellite agriculture: Use of IT to ensure crops and soil recieve exactly what they need for optimum health and productivity.
• Agroforestry
• Dryland farming
• Hydroponics

Anecdote: Raigarh in coastal Mh - home of Alphonso mangoes. A farmer owning 2 acres of land plants cheap rice rather than lucrative mangoes. Even though mangoes would earn him 10 times as much. Why? Could not afford initial invstment, waiting period of 5 yrs for trees to yield fruit, little savings to afford risky business.

• Fruits : Indians eat only 32 g a day vs recommended amount of 100 g. Prices - 20% higher than even western world. (CII FOod processing unit). Deficiency in vitamins and micronutrients, anemia.
• Contract farming an answer

Good pts:

• FPOs: 
• New dedicated Central Sector Scheme - Formation and Promotion of FPOs. 5 yrs. 2019-20 to 2023-24. 10,000 new FPOs. Handholding from their aggregation to formation. 
• Impmenting agencies - NABARD, SFAC, NCDC. States may nominate their implementing agency in consultation with DAC&FW. 
• Min no in a FPO - 300 in plain and 100 in NE and hill.
• RKVY-RAFTAAR: Centrally sponsored
• RKVY - 2007. Incentivize states to increase public investment in agri and allied. Develop farmin as a main source of economic activity. 
• Risk mitigation: increase income gen thrugh mushroom cultivation, integrated farming, floriculture
• Value chain addition linked prodn models
• autonomy, fleibility to states
• skill devp, innovation, agri business models for youth empowerment
• agri entrepreneurship
• 2017 - RAFTAAR
• Agri-entrepreneurship devp component - 
• 2 month orientation with monthly stipen
• upto 25 lakh funding for seed stage (85% of cost)
• upto 5 lakh for pre-seed stage/idea. (90% project cost)
• Contract farming:
• TN became first state to enact law. 
• Conciliating-board,conciliation-process-for-settlement-of-disputes
• All-disputes-be-referred-to-Board-for-resolution
• If-unresolved-after-30-days=>approach-Sub-divisional-magistrate
• Appeal=>Appellate-authority(collector or additional collector)
• bars the jurisdiction of the civil court from entertaining any suit or proceedings in respect of any matter that could be dealt through the special mechanism provided in the law.
• Technology:
• Stubble-burning-ICAR's-PUSA-decomposer

SFAC and APEDA:

• SFAC: estb as a society in Jan 1994. Min of Agri
• Venture Capital Assistance Scheme - interest free loans to meet capital req shortfalls
• Equity grant and credit guarantee fund scheme - equity grant upto 15 lakh for FPCs, credit guarantee fund to eligible lending insttns, RRBs, NABARD, NCDC to enable them give collateral free credit to FPCs
• Fns:
• Promote development of small agribusiness through VCA scheme
• FPO/FPCs
• Implementation of e-NAM
• Central procurement agency for pulses and oilseeds procurement
• Board headed by Agri minister
• APEDA. -Min of Comm
• Estb under Act of Parli, 1985

NCDC: In 1963, by act of parli, under min of Agri. Plan, promote, finance peogrammes for production, process, import etc if agri and food producys , other notified comm like pesticides, minor forest produce etc through cooperatives . Finance projects in rural cooperative sectors and for certain notified services in rural areas. Loans, grants to states for financing primary and secondary cooperatives, and directly to national level societies. Can also directly fund projects ubder various schemes. 

Krishi Kalyan abhiyan : Min of agri, 2018. 112 aspirational distts. advise and assist to imrpve farming techniques, increase income. 

•  25 Villages with more than 1000 population each in Aspirational Districts. Identified in consultation with ministry of rural devp, as per NITI Aayog directions
• soil health cads, 100% bovine vaccine for FMD, 100% PPR coverage
• artificial insemminaion saturation
• demonstration: micro-irr, integrated cropping
• distr of horti, agro-forestry, bamboo plants
• mini pulses, oilseeds kid distr to all 

Agro-forestry:

• Agro-silviculture
• Silvo-pastoral systems
• Issues:
• Soft loans
• Not covered under Fasal bima
• policy uniformity
• seed quality, tree
• Lack of R&D
• Cumbersome legislations for tree felling
• low involvement of PRI

Fishery:

Fishery  - state subject. Fishing in the inland waters, and territorial sea (TS) - comes under state list. Other activities in TS, fishing beyond TS upto EEZ - under Union list. 

India - 2nd in aquaculture prodn in world

Marine Fisheries regulation and mgmt bill, 2019: manage fishery in Indias EEZ. 

• Prohibits fishing by foreign fishing vessels, thus nationalizing our EEZ. 
• Indian fishing vessel wanting to fish outside of TS within EEZ, obtain permit
• Management plans relating to conservation of endangered species, mitigating pollution. 
• What could be done:
• exemption clauses to safeguard livelihoods could be incorporated. 
• Permits only for big vessels

UNCLOS: (India ratified in 1995)

• Coastal nations have sovereign rights to explore, exploit, conserve, manage- all natural resources within EEZ

North-East:

• North east regional agri marketing cooperation ltd (NERAMAC) - 1982, as a GoI enterprise , Guwahati. Adm. control of MoDoNER
• Pioneering marketing orgn in field of agri-horti sector of NE region. 

pre:

Area under crop:

Irrigation:

•  Micro irrigation covers only 19% of irrigated area
• Warabandi system is a rotating water allocation system in Pakistan that shares irrigation water equally
• 
•  Micro-irrigation:
• largest area under micro-irrigation include: Rajasthan (1.68 mh), Maharashtra (1.27 mh), Andhra Pradesh (1.16 mh), Karnataka (0.85 mh), Gujarat (0.83 mh)
• Highest-penetration:Haryana.16.3%
• 14%-of-total-irrigated-area
• The world’s largest area irrigated is in India with 68 mha, of which groundwater irrigation accounts for 65 %
• Kuhl:HP
• Phad:Mh
• Ahar-Pyne:Bihar

Tilhan-mission:Boost-oilseed-prodn.10k-FPOs.Self-sufficiency

India is the 2nd largest producer of bamboo in the world but ironically, it is also the 2nd largest importer of bamboo and its products.

Fertilizer control order

gas price pooling