Class Notes 4 You

Intro:A nuclear doctrine states how a nuclear weapon state would employ its nuclear weapons both during peace and war. India’s nuclear doctrine was adopted in 2003 For NFU: Manpreet Sethi- gives advantages of NFU No need for expensive nuclear infra Onus of escalation is on adversary No need to keep nuclear forces on trigger Arun Prakash( former navy chief) - NFU was adopted, not merely as a token of nuclear restraint and re sponsible conduct, on India's part, but also because it is, by far, the least burdensome and inexpensive form of nuclear-deterrence. Raja Menon- no nfu would destabilize he whole region. In his book A nuclear strategy for India - he talks about increasing India's nuclear capability to build an environment of safety and not to encourage any arms race. For first use : Bharat Karnad of Centre for policy research- NFU may be useful as a political rhetoric but it is a liability in a serious war planning. It requires India to first absorb a nuclear attack before ...

Cold War Chronology: 1917- Bolshevik revolution ; Lenin’s foreign policy that communism in Russia is not secure until and unless it is surrounded by Communist states. Hence Lenin formed Communist international for expansion of communism Stalin formed Cominform. The purpose was to support Communist guerrillas in Europe in countries to install pro Soviet regimes He entered into a nonaggression pact with Germany in 1939 and a neutrality pact with Japan in 1941 His actions were seen as an attempt by western powers to come together to end the liberal hegemony However Russia had to enter into World War II due to Hitler’s invasion (operation Barbarossa) During World War II delay on the part of Allied powers to open second front convinced Stalin that West wanted Russia and Germany to destroy each other In East Europe Stalin wanted puppet regime led by Communist and USA wanted democratic puppet regimes. Manhattan project- USA kept the nuclear project secret from Russia but informed its allies l...

Influences: Italian scholar Vico- natural world is made by God , social world is made by humans  Kant- we don't look at the world with naked eyes but with glasses of our culture. For social constructivists-all is in our mind. Alexander Wendt- criticises waltz and says anarchy is not the structure of intl politics it is what states make of it. Nina Tannenwald  Nicholas Onuf - the world of our making. Said cold war- was not inevitable.. Anthony Giddens- Structuration ,i,e. structure do not constrain actor but actors can also change the structures by thinking about them in a different way. However, according to Dale Copeland, constructivists analysis overly downplays the fact that states have difficulties in obtaining information about the motives of other states. Thus, the problem of the uncertainties is not sufficiently analysed by the constructivists. They suggest that neorealists and neoliberal paradigms, both of which emphasise the rate of uncertainty in international r...

Intro: Fareed Zakaria says we are witnessing post Pax Americana. There is decline of west and the rise of rest. UN reforms: https://youtu.be/ZaP3mWPPp2A Intro-according to prof Jeffrey Sachs UN is the most important political innovation of 20th century and the best bargain on this planet. though the UN does have some accomplishments to its credit, on the whole, it has left much to be desired in dealing with the important issues and problems plaguing the global community today. This is primarily because the structure of UN still begets of 20th century reality. India was one of the few members of UN that signed UN declaration in 1942 in Washington and took part in historic UN conf in San Francisco in 1945. UNSC has emerged as the key arena and barometer for evaluating The promise and progress of accommodating new rising powers in the international system India is eminently suited for permanent membership of the UNSC by any objective criteria such as population, territorial size, GDP, ec...

Intro- India and Nepal are joined by the umbilical cord of religion,culture,economy and shared strategic interests. It has been called as roti beti ka rishta by former EAM Sushma Swaraj. This puts Nepal at the top of the pyramid in India’s neighbourhood first policy context: India Nepal treaty of peace and friendship of 1950 forms the bedrock of the special relations that exist between India and Nepal. cooperation: 8 million Nepali citizens work in India. Surya Kiran military exercise; Indian army provides training to Nepal army, helps in modernization by supplying equipments India was the first to rush to Nepal's assistance in the wake of 2015 earth quake with NDRF teams and essential supplies. Also India announced $1B of reconstruction package Twin cities : Ramayana circuit( Janakpur to Ayodhya), lumbini Bodhgaya , Pashupatinath and Varanasi annual summits through Joint commission mechanism PM Modi proposed HIT(highway,IT,trade) formula for Nepal's development Integrated chec...