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Kanika Goyal  (AIR - 9, 2022) Test 1, PSIR Crash Course Test 2, PSIR Crash Course Test 3, PSIR Crash Course Test 4, PSIR Crash Course Test 5, PSIR Crash Course

Plato wrote The Republic, a Socratic dialogue about justice, the order and character of the just city-state, and the just man, around 375 BC. It is Plato's most well-known work and one of the most intellectually and historically significant works of political theory and philosophy. The Republic by Plato is a work that talks about how important it is to be fair in the world and how being fair makes you happy. It is a book that talks about the ideal city and how just and philosophical governance can make people happy. Today, Plato's The Republic is a significant part of the Western literary canon. In this book, Plato asks the ultimate questions about happiness and justice, and the answers to those questions are constantly changing. Additionally, his book is essential for learning to question what is actually known. In all fields, this ability to question is essential. The "Constitution of Plato's Ideal state" is the most important part of "The Republic. “He int...

Plato is normative and he uses deductive reasoning whereas Aristotle uses deductive as well as inductive logic. Aristotle used the imperial method when he studied 158 constitutions of his time. Aristotle theory of evaluation is also based on empirical investigation. Aristotle uses a method of biology where he classifies the constitution thus, from Aristotle the tradition of scientific study of politics began. This is the reason professor Maxey calls Plato as the father of political philosophy and Aristotle as the father of political science. Plato’s book republic is not a book on politics primarily it is a book on ethics. Aristotle’s book titled political is primarily dealing with the subject of politics. As a father of political science Aristotle has given birth to the number of ideologies/ideological perspectives- convictism, Liberalism, communalism, etc. It was Aristotle who treated political science as the master science he rightfully deserves as known as the father of political sc...

The concept of the state comprises of the core of the political thought in political science. The liberal theory, one of the earliest vies on state, postulated a mechanistic view of the state, post the Organic theory. Social Contract tradition proposed by exponents like Hobbes, Locke, etc formed the basis of liberal theory of state. Liberal theory of State • It developed in two main directions  a) individualism and b) utilitarianism. • John Locke and Adam Smith are the early exponents of individualism. On the other hand, utilitarianism stands for ‘the greatest happiness of the greatest number’ where the interest of the few may be sacrificed in the interest of majority, as proposed by Bentham and Mill. • As per Rousseau, a liberal state is an instrument for the protection of liberty. • Locke considers that a liberal state will bring peace and goodwill in the society under the social contract.  However, in the era of contemporary politics, the notion of liberal theory of state h...

The idea of democracy in political theory is considered to a contested one. One of such contestations is seen in the Elitist Theory of Democracy proposed by scholars like- Michels, Pareto, etc. in the twentieth century. They claimed that in every culture, a tiny group of elites govern over a particular political society.  This small clique of elites has complete control over all power and influence. Elitist theory is considered as the critique to the traditional republican theory of democracy postulated earlier by Mill, Macpherson, etc who defined rule of the people as representative form of democracy in true sense where the people was in ultimate control of their ruling class, as to be inherent unequal democratic rule, as suggested by scholars like Michels, Pareto, etc. Elitist Theory critique to rule of people: • At a broader level, the elitist theories hold that every society consists two categories of men: The elite or the minority within a social collectivity which exercises ...

Social contract theory symbolises the view that any person’s moral or political obligations are largely dependent on an agreement or contract among them to form a society to live in. It is the feature of capitalist way of life. Along with other things, state also is an outcome of the contract. Contract symbolises the freedom of choice. In any society, the people come together and form a constitution- which represents their will. It shows that the law and rules are not enforced on them by some super-natural authority but decided by themselves. The constitution of modern states is considered as the outcome of this process of social contract. Social contract theory was first proposed by Thomas Hobbes. After him, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau is known as the best proponents of this theory. For Locke, state of nature was the state of peace, goodwill and mutual assistance. This was opposite tot hat of Hobbes, who called the man in state of nature to be utilitarian, individualistic and...

According to WB Gallie, power is an essentially contested concept. Although, various scholars have given varied concepts of ‘power’, no one view can summarise the whole idea completely. One of the most important concepts in this regard was given by Steven Lukes. He identified three dimensions of power in his book, “Power- A radical view”. He stressed on the fact that power is exercised in three ways- decision making power, non-decision making power and ideological power. Similarly, other scholars have also given their views on ‘power’. Karl Marx calls “economy” as the primary base for power. For him, power was not just any religious or philosophical concept; rather it was a ‘resource’. And like any other resource, power is always in a “limited supply”. So it is found to be concentrated among certain actors- like the state and the ruling class. Hobbes believed “law” to be the main base of power in his book “leviathan”. According to him, without a ‘lawful common power’, each person will ...

The concept of “revolution in permanence” was developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1850s; and was popularised by Leon Trotsky. It stresses on the need for the freedom struggle to not stop at the first stage and to continue until the human relations in that society are fundamentally transformed. Although the concept of permanent revolution was largely developed by Leon Trotsky at the time of 1905 Russian revolution, but Mao also believed that, any single revolution is never enough to end the struggle. This is primarily because, the reactionary elements keep on emerging again and again; and so there is a gradual need to change the system regularly. For example- Mao started the Cultural Revolution after the end of communist revolution. Thus “revolution in permanence” can be considered to be a strategy of the revolutionary class who are pursuing their own interest independently to that of society’s interest. Marx in his later work, ‘the critique of the Gotha program’ also talked ...

The word “culture” can be defined as a set of socially transmitted beliefs along with the norms and behaviour of any group or community. India is a nation of various and varied cultures, where no two cultures have the same set of values and norms. Thus, cultural relativism comes to play. It is an idea that any person or society’s values and beliefs should be understood based on that person’s own culture. Because of each culture being totally different from each other, it is important to follow the principle of “relativism” which aims to ensure that- there are no absolute truths, values or beliefs. It aims to promote the understanding of different cultural practices based on the values of the respective societies. No culture should be considered better than any other culture with respect to politics, laws or values. The concept of cultural relativism also aims to ensure that, what is true or false for any particular culture can be the opposite for some other culture. It depends on the m...

खण्ड 'A' SECTION ‘A’ Q1. निम्नलिखित में से प्रत्येक का लगभग 150 शब्दों में उत्तर दीजिए Answer the following in about 150 words each: (10x5= 50) 1.(a) राजनीति विज्ञान के अध्ययन में तुलनात्मक प्रणाली की मुख्य सीमाओं का विवेचन कीजिए । Discuss the main limitations of the comparative method to the study of Political Science. (10marks) 1. (b) वैश्वीकरण के दौर में विकासशील राष्ट्रों को किस तरह की मुख्य चुनौतिओं का सामना करना पड़ रहा है ? What are the main challenges faced by the developing countries in the era of globalisation? (10marks) 1. (c) अंतर्राष्ट्रीय राजनीति के अध्ययन में मार्क्सवादी एवं यथार्थवादी दृष्टिकोणों के बीच की समानताओं का विवेचन कीजिये । Discuss the commonalities between the Marxist and Realist approach to the study of International Politics. (10marks) 1. (d) विश्व की द्विध्रुवी संरचना बहुध्रुवी की अपेक्षा ज्यादा स्थिर होती है। टिप्पणी करें। Bipolar structure of the world is more stable than the multipolar one. Comment. (10marks) 1.(e) राष्ट्रीय हित एक मूलतः विवादित...

 खण्ड - A / SECTION-A Q1 . निम्नलिखित में से प्रत्येक पर लगभग 150 शब्दों में लिखिए:  Write on the following in about 150 words each: (10×5=50marks) (a) व्यवस्था उपागम Systems Approach (b) सांस्कृतिक सापेक्षवाद Cultural Relativism  (c) "स्थायी रूप से क्रांति"  "Revolution in Permanence" (d) शक्ति के आधार Bases of Power (e) लॉक का सामाजिक अनुबंध  Locke's Social Contract Q2 . (a) वर्तमान में नव-उदारवाद के आधिपत्य को समुदाय, संस्कृति तथा राष्ट्र जैसे कारक कमजोर करते हैं। विवेचना कीजिए ।  Factors like community, culture and nation weaken the hegemony of neo-liberalism today. Discuss. (20marks) (b) "सम्पत्ति की समानता शक्ति की समानता का कारण है तथा शक्ति की समानता स्वतंत्रता है।" टिप्पणी कीजिए।  "Equality of estates caused equality of power, and equality of power is liberty." Comment. (15marks) (c) लोकतंत्र का अभिजन सिद्धांत 'लोगों के शासन' के रूप में लोकतंत्र की संभावना को नकारता है। स्पष्ट कीजिए।  Elitist theory of democracy denies the p...

POLITICAL SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS (Paper II)  राजनीति विज्ञान तथा अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय सम्बन्ध (प्रश्न-पत्र II)  निर्धारित समय : तीन घण्टे  अधिकतम अंक : 250 Time Allowed : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 250 प्रश्न-पत्र सम्बन्धी विशेष अनुदेश उत्तर देने के पूर्व निम्नलिखित निर्देशों को कृपया सावधानीपूर्वक पढ़ें । इसमें आठ प्रश्न हैं जो दो खण्डों में विभाजित हैं तथा हिन्दी एवं अंग्रेजी दोनों में छपे हुए हैं। उम्मीदवार को कुल पांच प्रश्नों के उत्तर देने हैं। प्रश्न संख्या 1 और 5 अनिवार्य हैं तथा बाकी प्रश्नों में से प्रत्येक खण्ड से कम से कम एक प्रश्न चुनकर तीन प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए। प्रत्येक प्रश्न / भाग के लिए नियत अंक उसके सामने दिए गए हैं। प्रश्नों के उत्तर उसी प्राधिकृत माध्यम में लिखे जाने चाहिए, जिसका उल्लेख आपके प्रवेश पत्र में किया गया है, और इस माध्यम का स्पष्ट उल्लेख प्रश्न-सह-उत्तर (क्यू.सी.ए.) पुस्तिका के मुखपृष्ठ पर निर्दिष्ट स्थान पर किया जाना चाहिए। प्राधिकृत माध्यम के अतिरिक्त अन्य किसी माध्यम में लिखे गए उत्तर पर कोई अंक नहीं मिलेंगे । प्रश्नों की शब्द...

POLITICAL SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS (PAPER-I)  राजनीति विज्ञान और अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय सम्बन्ध ( प्रश्न-पत्र - I ) Time Allowed : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 250 समय :  तीन घण्टे  अधिकतम अंक :  250 प्रश्न-पत्र सम्बन्धी विशेष अनुदेश (कृपया प्रश्नों के उत्तर देने से पूर्व निम्नलिखित प्रत्येक अनुदेश को ध्यानपूर्वक पढ़िए) इसमें आठ प्रश्न हैं जो दो खण्डों में विभाजित हैं तथा हिन्दी और अंग्रेजी दोनों में छपे हुए हैं। परीक्षार्थी को कुल पाँच प्रश्नों के उत्तर देने हैं।  प्रश्न संख्या 1 और 5 अनिवार्य है तथा बाकी प्रश्नों में से प्रत्येक खण्ड से कम से कम एक प्रश्न चुनकर तीन प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए। प्रत्येक प्रश्न / भाग के लिए नियत अंक उसके सामने दिए गए हैं। प्रश्नों के उत्तर उसी प्राधिकृत माध्यम में लिखे जाने चाहिए, जिसका उल्लेख आपके प्रवेश पत्र में किया गया है, और इस माध्यम का स्पष्ट उल्लेख प्रश्न-सह-उत्तर (क्यू० सी० ए०) पुस्तिका के मुखपृष्ठ पर निर्दिष्ट स्थान पर किया जाना चाहिए। प्राधिकृत माध्यम के अतिरिक्त अन्य किसी माध्यम में लिखे गए उत्तर पर कोई अंक नहीं मिलें...