Class Notes 4 You

Most universal model supporters: JS Mill Edmund burke supports enlightened model of represenation  ( our representative have more experienced than us) to take decision. 1st theory of representative democracy given by Locke in his 2nd contract(a majoritarian model) as in first contract society is formed. models of rep demo: majoritarian -  US,UK,India Based on concept of ‘winner takes all’ not representative in true sense and may convert democracy into tyranny of the majority. Consosiational model:  to avoid tyranny of majority follows proportional representation Germany,Switzerland coalition govt are regular feature. models on decision making power of representatives: delegate model- locke, bentham: govt has no original powers , only delegated powers stick to mandate given by people. govt is a trust, people are trustees enlightened representation model- mill, edmund burke Our representatives have more experience than us. Hence must be given autonomy to take decisions...

Intro-people themselves participate in governance through initiative, recall , referendum People can be members of watchdog bodies like NHRC,NCW,etc People participate to ensure accountability by RTI,SOCIAL AUDIT Supporters: Carole pateman- participation creates responsible citizenship. People understand complexities of administration, makes democracy inclusive, legitimacy to the laws, best way to realise popular sovereingty. Rousseau- believed only way liberty and authority can be reconciled is through direct participation in the law making. For him, participation was essential for the self development of the individual, which is necessary for the generation of general will that represent collective common goal of the community. Gandhi- advocated for partlyless democracy with people’s direct participation. Hannah arendt- Civic Republicanism. Becoming zoon politikon through political action. Radical democracy-latin word-radix which means roots. Habermas- only way to make legit...

Intro: Deliberative Democracy represents a system where laws are products of rational debate. It is a characteristic of open society. While traditional democratic theory relied on voting as the source of legitimacy of democratic decision making, for deliberative democracy a democratic decision will be regarded as democratic only if it is the outcome of authentic deliberation delib demo rejects bentham’s aggregate model that gives rise to majoritarian democracies. It is based on consociational model where the arguements of all stakeholders are heard. It is based on the premise that democracy is not just head counting mechanism . Deliberative is normative as it focuses on values rather than procedeual theory . Procedural theory like elitist and pluralist look democracy as electoral mechanism or pressure group politics Supporters: Pericles- discussion is a precondition rather than an obstacle for any wise action Aristotle- against philosopher king and favoured polity where people came and...

Intro- Democracy is a contested concept in pol science. J S Mill defines democracy as government by discussion For Gandhi, democracy meant the weak getting the same chance as the strong. While For Ambedkar, it was about giving voice to the voiceless David held gave the concept of cosmopolitan model of democracy. Believes globalization has weakened democracy. Power shifted to IMF UNSC. These org do not represent the will of the people but are bureautically managed leading to crisis of democracy. Reform these institutions and form democratically elected world govt. Contemporary:  democracy is different in US,UK,India,South Africa and hence this internal contradictions in Democracy has given rise to the discipline of comparative politcs. Samuel p Huntington says that sometimes democracy can make policy making complex due to the diverse opinions of people. This state of policy paralysis he calls as crisis of democracy. As the coronavirus has spread, many political observers  ...

C b MacPherson- in any answer on democracy write his name as he has done a lot of work. His work- Democratic theory: Essays in Retrieval His conclusions- Liberalism can't claim Monopoly over democracy. Communitst model of one party state can also be called democracy if it has intra party democracy. They need not follow the western model of democracy. China calls itself as “democracy that works.” Macpherson defines two types of power Extractive ( power in the form of coercion) Developmental (power used for development) Mac is disappointed with the state of democracy in the western world. his analysis-  concludes that Western countries should make effort to achieve a situation when no one exercises an extractive power on the other hand each has equal developmental opportunities or opportunities for creative freedom Models: Classical Protective model( locke, Bentham) to protect rights of people. Development model(mill) for overall development of an individual. Contemporary Elitist (sc...