Class Notes 4 You

 🌷•┈✤आज का सुविचार✤┈•🌷  ⊰᯽⊱┈──╌❊╌──┈⊰᯽⊱   क्या खोजते हो दुनिया में,  जब सब कुछ तेरे अन्दर है।  क्यों देखते हो औरों में,  जब तेरा मन ही दर्पण है। दुनिया बस एक दौड़ नहीं,  तू भी अश्व नहीं है धावक  रुक कर खुद से बातें करले,  अन्तर मन को शान्त तो करले। सपनों की गहराई समझो, अपने अन्दर की अच्छाई समझो स्वाध्याय की आदत डालो,  जीवन को तुम खुलकर जीलो । आलस्य तुम्हारा दुश्मन है तो, पुरुषार्थ को अपना दोस्त बनालो।  जीवन का ये रहस्य समझलो, और खुशियों से तुम नाता जोड़ो।      💐Good MORNING💐            •––––––☆––––––•

EVOLUTION OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AS A DISCIPLINE Political science is a classical discipline that deals with the study of political phenomena. Its goal is to deepen human understanding of the forms and nature of political action and to develop theoretical tools for interpreting politically meaningful phenomena. Analyses of politics appeared in ancient cultures in works by various thinkers, including Confucius in China and Kautilya in India. Writings by the historian Ibn Khaldun in North Africa have greatly influenced the study of politics in the Arabic-speaking world. But the fullest explication of politics has been in the West. Some have identified Plato, whose ideal of a stable republic still yields insights and metaphors, as the first political scientist, though most consider Aristotle, who introduced empirical observation into the study of politics, to be the discipline’s true founder. Four Stage ● Stage 1st- Ancient Greece- Plato and Aristotle focused on perfecting the polis (city-...

 THE INVENTION OF THE IDEA   It is interesting to know that, prior to the 19th century, the major socio-cultural developments in Europe during the 13th- 15th centuries were not understood and codified as renaissance. In 1860, Jakob Burckhardt formulated the influential concepts of ‘Renaissance’ and ‘humanism’, in his pioneering masterpiece of cultural history, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy.  Burckhardt’s book was a “subtle synthesis of opinions about the Renaissance that had grown powerful during the Age of the Enlightenment”.  He seemed to be confirming a story told by secular, liberal intellectuals of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries who were searching for the origins of their own beliefs and values that after the collapse of classical civilization a period of darkness and barbarism had set in, dominated by the church and the humdrum of rural life.  Eventually, however, a revival of commerce and urban life laid the foundations for a ...

The Age of Enlightenment also known as the Age of Reason or simply the Enlightenment was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries.  European politics, philosophy, science, and communications were radically reoriented during the course of the “long 18th century” (1685-1815) as part of a movement referred to by its participants as the Age of Reason, or simply the Enlightenment.  Enlightenment thinkers in Britain, in France, and throughout Europe questioned traditional authority and embraced the notion that humanity could be improved through rational change. The Enlightenment produced numerous books, essays, inventions, scientific discoveries, laws, wars, and revolutions.  The American and French Revolutions were directly inspired by Enlightenment ideals and respectively marked the peak of its influence and the beginning of its decline.  The Enlightenment ultimately gave way to 19th-centur...