Class Notes 4 You

UPSC INDIAN FOREST SERVICE EXAMINATION, 2021 final result: 

Factors leading to collapse of Soviet Union and soviet communism 1985-91 The disintegration of Soviet Union marks end of an era which began with rise of Communist USSR and its eventual fall, with USA left as the lone superpower in the world. Reasons For Disintegration of USSR Weakness of Soviet Socialist economy Socialist economy of USSR was characterised by centralised planning. Every economic activity was under state ownership and private ownership of any means of production was not allowed. The state agencies decided what was to be produced and how much . There was no scope for private initiative in the soviet socialist economy. The workers and managers were paid meagre salaries by the state to meet their basic necessities. This state controlled economy was highly successful till the 1960s , however, thereafter the motivation of people declined. There was decline in standards of living of people. Production had stagnated and a serious economic crisis engulfed Russia. Limitations ...

Need Need for reconstruction had forced European leaders to work together with maximum possible cooperation. The world war 2 had struck Europe badly many had died and a lot more were injured. In order to avoid economic crisis faced after the 1st world war cooperation was the only way. Factors responsible for the European unity and evolution of the European Community Bitter experience of post world war and developments was also responsible for beginning of the process of unification. After the 1st world war European nations followed the policy of protectionism which further intensified the crises. They were hence, not willing to commit the same mistake twice. Need to curb the spirit of nationalism was an emergent necessity after the Second World War, as it was responsible for war. European nations wanted to create a Supra National Institution to develop one European identity and curb nationalistic fervour. French quest for security was important in unification, as after the First Wo...

The end of colonialism and triumph of nationalism became a marked feature of life in the newly emerged states free from European colonisers . Colonial historians argued that the colonial rule was a force for good, that it brought peace, stability and respite from violence for people in the colonies and that it operated through cooperation of people in the colonies and not by coercion. They created the infrastructure for progress by building railways, roads, bridges, telegraph’s and irrigation projects. The French took pride in the fact that rice value quadrupled in Indochina under their rule. Nationalist leaders and scholars in the colony argued that under colonial rule the colonies became a part of the global capitalist system this did not lead to the development of an industrialised capitalist economy. The colonies were integrated into the world economy in a subordinate position. They also argue that the colonial state everywhere followed the policy of divide and rule which inten...

Latin America and Bolivar June 24, 1821, Simón Bolí­ var, the great Liberator, led his forces against the Span­ish Army at the Battle of Carabobo . The Spanish had not yet been defeated across South America, but the Spanish monar­chy no longer had the will to fight back. The rest of the battles — in­cluding the Battle of Pinchincha on May 24, 1822 — finished up what Carabobo had esta­blished that South Ameri­ca’s many republics wanted to be sovereign . Carabobo “was more than a battle. It was a geopolitical cam­paign” . After Bolívar’s armies de­feated the Spanish  the new States that emerged from Gran Co­lombia (Colombia and Venezuela) down to Bolivia (1825) produced a dynamic sense of their own sove­reignty . Carabobo was “an impor­tant step towards the whole inde­pendence of South America”. U.S. President James Monroe on December 2, 1823, crafted the Monroe Doctrine. This policy suggested that now that European powers had lost thei...