Class Notes 4 You

Current Affairs Important Newspaper highlights for UPSC 15 July 2022 The Indian EXPRESS   ☘️FRONTPAGE: Sri Lanka crisis: On run, Gotabaya in Singapore, resigns; protesters leave Colombo govt buildings (Page 1) ☘️FRONTPAGE: For new projects, NHAI back to build-operate-transfer model (Page 1) ☘️CITY: 14.9 lakh registrations, over 500 cities: CUET phase 1 kicks off today across country (Page 4) ☘️GOVT& POLITICS: From temple to tech: Govt plans new intellectual heritage (Page 5) ☘️ EXPRESS NETWORK: I2U2 has set positive agenda, good model for practical cooperation: PM Modi (Page 7) ☘️ EXPRESS NETWORK: Beti Bachao Beti Padhao to be extended to all districts (Page 7) ☘️ THE EDITORIAL: A collapse in Sri Lanka (Page 11) THE HINDU 🌾FRONT PAGE :Fiscal deficit reined in, CAD a concern:Finance Ministry(Page 1) 🌾FRONT PAGE :Kerala reports India’s first monkeypox case (Page 1) 🌾STATES: Centre’s response on buffer zone issue positive: Minister(Page 7) 🌾EDITORIAL: The great omission in the...

On reservation in promotion M Agraj case 2006: Here SC laid down three condition for reservations in promotion: Particular community Myst be backward Inadequate representation Providing reservation would not affect administrative efficiency. Jarnail Singh case 2018: in both Nagraj and Jarnail  cases SC has said that there should be a creamy layer within SC/St in promotion But here SC said unlike the Nagraj case no need to show quantifiable data of backwardness as according to 9 judge Indra Sawhney 1992 bench, SC /St by definition mean backward Indra Swahney judgement said no reservations in promotion. But govt brought 77thAA in 1995 to add article 4(A) that provided reservation in promotion. Article 335 was amended to lower marks for SC/St in exam. This two amendments we're challenged in m Nagraj case. In Ashoka Kumar case 2007, KG Balakrishnan said it is imp to identify who deserves benefit of reservation within the reserved category. On RTI RAJ NARAIN CASE 1974 , SC says RTI...

1st ARC Appointment of persons having long experience in public life in administration and nonpartisan attitude as governors Delegation of powers to the maximum extent to the states Rajamannar committee- Finance commission should be made a permanent body Sarkaria commission Over centralisation leads to BP at the Centre and anaemia at the periphery Article 356 should be used very sparingly, in extreme cases as a last resort when all other alternative screen The institution of all India services should be further strengthened and some more such services should be created When the President withhold his assent the the state bills, the reasons should be communicated to the state government The Centre should consult the states before making a law on the subject of the concurrent list On governor- The governors term of five years in the state should not be disturbed except for some extremely compelling reasons Governor should be a detached figure and not to intimately connected with the loca...

2- admission of new state 3- boundaries names and formation of new state. Aricle 3 to change boundaries of state like J and K 5-11: citizenship GST council : 279A CAG- Article 148 to 151 EC- article 324 Governor discretionary powers - art 163 Pardoning powers - art 161 RTE: 86th AA 2002 article 21A dpsp art 41 Art 15(6) and 16(6) inserted via 103rdAA , to give reservation in colleges,jobs to EWS article 39(b) and 39(c) > 14 and 19 article 262 for constituting interstate water disputes. Article 263 for inter state council scheduled areas 244 under fifth schedule and 244(2) for sixth schedule 73rd AA based on art 40 added part IX has article 243 to 243O added 11th schedule 243A - gram sabha 243B- panchayats State finance commission 243 I State election commission article 243 K 243D- reservation of seats for women,sc,st in panchayats 74thAA added part IXA having articles 243P to 243ZG added 12th schedule 243T- reservation of seats for women,sc,st in ULB Art 75: council of ministers are...

Intro- The pressure group is a group of people who are organised actively for promoting and defending their common interest. It is so called as it attempts to bring a change in the public policy by exerting pressure on the government Analytical points on PG: Due to their role in public policy making  ,PG are termed as legislation behind legislature. They have been called as invisible empires by Finer. Richard d Lambert calls PG as unofficial govt. As per structural functional approach of Gabriel and Powell PG do the work of interest articulation. Analysis of Robert Dahl and Charles Lindblom shows that it is through Polyarchies (various pressure groups) that people exercise power in a democracy. Rajani Kothari-calls them as reservoirs of leaders and agents of modernisation. Ex- Arvind kejriwal was part of Anna Andolan, BJP leaders trained under RSS Says the market and the state developed faster than the community leaving the community behind. This left a space to be occupied by civi...

PRS research- 85% crorepatis in 17th LS 72% are minimum graduates 14% women (24% is global avg) (Need to pass 108th constitution amendment bill giving 33% reservation to women) 5%Muslims in a 13% population 43% have criminal record with 29% having serious charges against them like rape,murder,sexual assault- ADR 22% OBC 42.5% upper castes 9.5% religions minorities 15.7% SC 9.5%ST Increasing civil servants in politics like RK Singh, Satyapal Singh, Hardeep Singh Puri, KJ Alphons Political scientist Cristophe Jaffrelot has remarked that In India people are under rule of money and muscle power rather than under the rule of law. reasons: vote bank politics role of caste,ethnicity,religion electoral funding lack of deterrence due to poor conviction rates With parties priortising winnability over morality, criminals have prospered in politics and greatly contributed to the weakening of rule of law. no limit on party’s electoral spending Steps taken: ADR case,2002: SC ruled that candidates mu...

Intro- It is said “ Indians don’t cast their vote, they vote their caste. C.Jaffrelot says “caste forms the mosaic of Indian politics.” Political sociology approach of comparative politics studies interface of politics with societal factors like ethnicity,caste,religion,etc Caste and caste identity are not new factors but the traction they have now received not just in political calculations but in more routine social relations and personal identifications is a new factor in shaping the public sphere. Reasons for role of caste in India- India being a prismatic society( hence interplay of traditionalism and modernity) MN Srinivas Said caste is present in subconsciousness of Indians Kanchan Chandra says political patronage is based on caste lines Andre beteille- Indian Constitution only abolishes untouchability but does not abolish caste. It rather makes caste a basis for public policy (ex socio-economic caste census) Those who say caste has strengthened Indian politics- Rajni Kothari; Y...

Land reforms- refers  reform of ownership and regulation of land and redistributing them from landlords to landless labourers to achieve socio-economic justice and end feudalism. Daniel thorner: India is the most insteresting case study of land reforms given the huge number of poors, magnitude of hunger and the largest body of land reform legislation Dpsp 39b & c > 14 and 19 which emphasises on the necessity of reducing concentration of wealth and economic resources. 9th schedule enacted to implement the reforms distributive justice Gunnar Myrdal- soft state hence even Nehru could not take on the zamindars Kagodu village near Sagar in Shivamogga district caught the attention of the entire nation as tenant farmers rose in revolt against the landlords. That is considered the first peasant movement in post-Independence India seeking land for tenants. This led to historic laws that provided land for the landless and gave them protection on several counts. Atul Kohli- state lacks...