Class Notes 4 You

One of the most influential thinkers in the fields of economics, ethics, human rights, and liberty is J.S. Mill. Given his work "On the Subjection of Women," in which he advocates for women's education and "perfect equality," Mill is also cited as an early feminist. When it came to the issue of women, Mill applied the principles of liberalism to the issue and advocated for improving their position by providing them with opportunities for employment, suffrage, and education. He thought of this as a problem that affected everyone, not just women. In his book "On the Subjection of Women," he argued that society should be organized on the basis of "reason" rather than "accident of birth" principles like sex. Plant held that human person is completely a result of childhood, as opposed to the consequence of one's natural sex. Mill was most concerned about equality as a constitutional right. Mill believed that marriage was comparable...

In the thoughts of Locke, the father of liberalism, the father of empiricism, the creator of democracy, the individual is central.  Locke presented his ideas in his book Two Treatises of Government in which he describes the origin of the state and the functions of the state. Lock said that individuals choose the government with consent, but the state does not have the freedom to set restrictions on the freedom of individuals, that is, it is a supporter of the non-intervention policy of the state. Locke said that a person acquires property by his labour, i.e. Locke is a supporter of individuals' acquisition of property and protection of property. Sabine comments on Locke, saying that Locke establishes two facts. Establishment Of Community Establishment of Government But Locke's community is also formed by the individuals and the government is also formed with the consent of the individuals. Locke said that the government does not need to control the people, that is, the gover...

Locke is considered as Father or Liberalism. He focussed father of an individual rights of liberty and property life and a limited state. His thought is believed to form basis of American Political system. Locke in his work Two Treatises of Government, promotes his Social Contract theory between civil society and state. His theory gives a limited power to state as he considers man to be rational. He gives inviolable right to life and property which cannot be taken by state. His rights further include dignity, liberty, right against foreign domination etc. He even gives the right to revolt to people if State is unable to fulfil its commitment. American political system includes a BILL OF RIGHTS provided inviolable rights to life, liberty and property except in severe circumstances. The separation of power principle is also found in works of Locke. This is reflected in America with 3 organs of government - Judiciary, Executive and Legislature (Congress). The founding fathers of American...

The father of liberalism, the father of democracy, the creator of empiricism, Locke's ideas were most influenced by property, life and liberty. Locke, while writing his views in his famous work 'Two Treatises of Government', says that a person can earn property by his labour is and also protects. It is clear from Locke's ideas of property acquisition that if a person has property, then he is powerful. Hobbes also supported capitalism but it exists. Hobbes said that individuals should hand over all powers to the state on the basis of consent, but Locke while rendering the principle of non-intervention of the state, talked about the state remaining limited and constitutional. Locke said that the government has been created for the protection of life, all the powers are vested in the individuals. Locke's ideas have the support of powerful people because- Locke tells a person to acquire property. Property would be owned by the individual  Individuals will have the freed...

Young Marx had concept of ALIENATION. Marx believed that Capitalist is an "instrument of bourgeoisie" and is unable to favour worker. Since economic condition of workers become poor, they lose Human essence and become alienated. Human essence, as per Marx, lies in WORKING. Work is for own welfare, earning livelihood (existence) and showing creativity and innovation, But in capitalist society, man becomes cog in the wheel. He loses individual initiatives and thus Human essence. Marx connects this loss of essence to Alienation which occurs at different levels.Man becomes Alienated from his labour as capitalism demands working for Market and not for self. Then working continuously for-profit motive creates gap not only between Labour class among each other’s but also, bourgeois class. Finally, the man is unable to use his creativity which makes life monotonous. This cause Alienation from self. Marx tries to awaken the worker class by saying that "Idea is false consciousness...

Man understands the importance and benefits of balancing social and individual interest. So, man is able to live a social life in the state of nature. In Hobbes, state of nature was pre-social (one man after another man) and pre-political (political authority, was needed). But in Locke, it was pre-political. Locke gives a contrasting picture of state of nature in comparison of Hobbes. His state of nature is peaceful where order and good will prevailed. This was possible because of the presence of natural laws. Since man has reason and man could comprehend natural laws. In works of Locke, we find the justification of superiority of natural laws and natural rights. For Locke, natural law is a higher law and positive law should conform to the principles of natural law. Here we can see a continuity between the thoughts of Locke and Aristotle. Since Locke was the supporter of natural law tradition, like Aristotle. Locke also believes ultimate power lies at the community. Locke is known as t...

The concept of possessive individualism is related to the concept of capitalist class. Hobbes belonged to the age of capitalism. Individualism and materialism were the philosophies supporting capitalism.  According to Hobbes, the nature of man is self-centred and materialist. Hence, Hobbesian man is not a social man and not an idealist person. Man is materialist. So, man desires material pleasure. It means man desires property. Hence, the security of life and property are the reasons behind creation of state. Hobbes represented the philosophy of emerging capitalist class. Capitalism in its initial stage required strong state to give protection. Thus, his philosophy is a vindication of the interest of capitalist class of his age.  Possessive individualism means the belief that whatever man owes it emerges out of his hard work and labour. Society has no contribution to it. Hobbes also believes that man is self-centered and self-interested and to man is capable of thinking about ...