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Showing posts from August 12, 2022

Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (CoP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference?

Since its first CoP in 1995, the UNFCCC has played a significant role in fighting climate change. The Kyoto Protocol (1997) and the Paris Agreement (2015) have been its major milestones. Recently, CoP-26 was held in Glasgow, where nations took a range of decisions in the collective effort to limit global temperature rise to 1.5°C. Major Outcomes of COP26 . 1. Completion of the Paris Agreement rulebook. 2. Member countries agreed for the Glasgow Climate Pact. a. Asked nations to strengthen their NDCs. b. Make efforts to phase-down usage of coal and phase-out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies. c. Created a two-year work programme to define a 'Global Goal on Adaptation'. d. Initiated discussions on setting the new target for climate finance, beyond $100 billion for the post-2025 period.  e. Allowed leftover carbon credits under Kyoto protocol to be used in meeting countries’ first NDC targets. 3. Pledge to reverse deforestation by 2030. 4. Global Methane Pledge, to reduce methane ...

Separation of Power

Separation of Power   Thinkers   Montesquieu   France - 1700s   Strict SOP   The Spirit of the Laws   Blackstone - Inde of Judic   When 2 pillars are almost the same, the 3rd pillar needs to be inde & strong enough   US Constitution   Madison & Jefferson   Concentration of power = despotic govt = tyranny   Myers v. US   The purpose of SOP is not to eliminate friction but to preven autocracy by means  of inevitable friction   Art 50A  - Compulsory SOP - rejected by the Constituent Assembly   Instead Art 50  - Exe & Jud   Wade & Forsyth   Exclusivity  - Same person should not form part of more than 1 organ   Functional  - 1 Organ should not exercise  func  of other   Mutuality  - should not  interfere  with other   Checks & Balance   India   Ram Jawaya Kapoor   Indira Gandhi   Keshavananda Bharti   Min...

IMMUNITY

  IMMUNITY   President   Criminal - all   Civil - 2 months not   Official - absolute   But his official acts can be reviewed.   Ministers   Official - no such Constitutional immunity - but not liable - no ministerial counter-sign   No Personal immunity   Judges   Official - Judicial Officer Protection Act   Civil Servant   Official - immunity   But liable for illegal drafts   Civil Official - 2 months notice   Criminal - prior permission of President    

PREAMBLE

  PREAMBLE   "We, The People of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a  SSS.DR.  Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic  nation  and to secure all its Citizens:   JUSTICE, Social, eco & political;   LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith &  worship   EQUALITY of  Status  &  opportunity   and to promote among them all   FRATERNITY assuring the  dignity  of the individual and the unity and integrity of the nation.     DS Nakara  - Preamble is the flood light which illuminates the path on which states need to tread   Re Berubari  - key to mind of the makers   SAIL v. UoI -  Preamble can be invoked while interpreting Consti   Chandrabhawan v. Mysore  - Preamble defines the ambit of the FR/Consti   Sovereignty   Kehar v. UoI - it is a legal fiction & a conclusive assumption which cannot be questione...