Class Notes 4 You

Globalisation is the process by which social life within different societies is increasingly affected by international influences in almost all spheres- political, social, cultural, economic, technological, mass media, clothing etc. It is a process of growing integration and interdependence.  Social impact  Migration   Internal - for better employment and education opportunities, facilities- health, communication etc. Urban lifestyle  external - for education, integration in world economy  urbanisation - increased opportunities in urban spaces, crowding of urban areas, beyond traditional social dynamics based on caste religion etc  flight from agriculture myth of urban life, seasonal nature of agriculture social movements - westernisation; McDonaldisation; ecofeminism; environment protection movements; fight against social, economic, political discrimination  gender dynamics - patriarchy; education; child care and household work; #Metoo as a global ...

Need to educate youth  relevant, equitable and inclusive education. Youth-led organizations are transforming education by partnering with Governments, educational institutions and other stakeholders, lobbying and advocating education policies and developing complementary training programs. addressing barriers for youth on the basis of economic status, ethnic group, gender, and other characteristics updating education plans and school curricula to include lessons about peace, justice and the environment and climate change, among many other areas. essential to the transformation of education into a means for inclusive youth development and sustainable development AISHE All India Survey on Higher education MHRD  Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) from 25.8% in 2017-18 to 26.3% in 2018-19 , with men 26.3% and women 26.4%. Top 6 states in total student enrolment — Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Rajasthan and Karnataka — 54.23% of the total enrolment in India. Numb...

27% disabled never able to go school UNESCO State of education report for india children with disability   Kerala and Rajasthan- States with the best quality of school educa­tion in the country, with scores of 76.6% and 72.9% respectively, in the NITI Aayog’s School Education Quality Index. Haryana, Odisha, and Assam are the big states that have improved the most whereas Karnataka and Uttarakhand saw the biggest drop. Among smaller states- Meghalaya, Nagaland and Goa improved considerably while Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram have shown a drop. Among UTs- Delhi, along with Chandigarh, has retained its overall performance. government expenditure on education is less than 3% of the GDP and the pupil-teacher ratio for elementary school stands at 24:1 , lower than that of comparable countries such as Brazil and China. Lifelong education is based on four pillars learning to know, Learning to do, learning to live together, learning to be Govt measures sarva shiksha Abhiyaan to achie...

Niti aayog strategy @75 Objective Enforcing minimum teacher standards through rigorous teacher eligibility tests and criteria for the induction of teachers. Improving in-service teacher training system. Increasing teacher accountability for learning outcomes of students. Addressing the problem of teacher vacancies and teacher absenteeism. Current Situation National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE) is the regulator for teacher education in the country. Inadequate accreditation and grading process followed by NCTE has resulted in bad quality of teachers at primary and higher educational level. There is a vacancy of 9 lakh teachers in schools , of which 4.2 lakh teacher vacancies are in SSA schools. Thirty-three per cent of schools do not meet the pupil-teacher ratio. Constraints insufficient regulatory monitoring of teacher education institutions. eligibility test in some states are not adequately robust. inadequate in-service training programs as well as lack of public funding supp...

Urbanisation if movement of people from rural to urban areas and the resulting increase of population in urban areas . It is a social process exhibiting lifestyle associated with cities and the desire to acquire the same.  Push factors and pull factors lead to urbanisation Over-Urbanization increased exemplifications of the characters of urbanization in a city or its surrounding rural area results from excessive development of urban traits. Due to the expansion of the range of urban activities and occupations, greater influx of secondary functions like industry, increasing and widespread development of an intricate bureaucratic administrative network, the increased sophistication and mechanization of life and the influx of urban characters into the surrounding rural area, over urbanization gradually replaces the rural and traditionalistic traits of a community. Mumbai and Kolkata are two such examples of cities. Sub-Urbanization When cities get over-crowded by population, it may re...

Niti aayog strategy @75 Urban governance  To transform our cities into economically vibrant and environmentally sustainable habitats that provides equitable access to basic infrastructure, public services and opportunities to all citizens. India’s growing urbanizing needs requires sustainable infrastructure and services for a better quality of life, which can be ensured through modern urban governance key enabler for urban transformation. The government has undertaken various initiatives- Tourism (HRIDAY - Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana) Infrastructure (Housing for All, Smart Cities Mission, AMRUT - Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation) Sanitation (Swachh Bharat Mission) Constraints absence of a modern spatial planning framework, public utility design standards takes a huge toll on economic growth, environmental sustainability and living conditions in the cities. lack of human resource capacities in the urban sphere at all levels. The muni...

Launched 2015 to improve ease of living of citizens and create cities that are ahead in decision making and problem solving  Defined as an urban reg that is highly advanced in terms of overall infra ,sustainable real estate, communications and market viability  Features   Area based development  City improvement retrofitting  City renewal redevelopment  City extension green field  Pan city initiative  Implementation at city level by special purpose vehicle SPV  Operated as Centrally sponsored scheme and govt provide 48000 cr for 5 yrs  Smart City Centre-Integrated command and control centre IC4  in every city function as city's nervous system where digital tech integrates with social, physical, environmental aspects to enable Centralised monitoring and decision making - internet of things  Focus: On sustainable and inclusive development Strategy : Pan-city initiative in which at least one Smart Solution is applied city-wi...

Niti aayog strategy @75 Objective To ensure a life of dignity, social security and safety for transgender persons, enabling them to actively participate in economic development and the nation building process. Current Situation The transgender community is among one of the most marginalized communities in the country. As per Census 2011, India has 4.87 lakh transgender persons. Constraints Accurate identification of transgender persons is a major challenge. The implementation of the “Scheme for Transgender Persons” is suboptimal. Way Forward Provide for identification of transgender persons in all government and non-government records by introducing a separate column to include the third gender. Sensitize communities towards the challenges and needs of transgender persons. Mandate the provision of housing and community services to accommodate at least 50 per cent of transgender persons. Design a scheme for providing skill and employability training to transgender persons to integra...

UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs released State of the world’s indigenous peoples: Rights to Land, territories and resources report according to which recognition and protection of land titles and tenure of indigenous people is crucial to attaining SDGs to eradicate poverty and achieve sustainable development by 2030. Indigenous peoples Indigenous peoples are inheritors and practitioners of unique cultures and ways of relating to people and the environment . They have retained social, cultural, economic and political characteristics that are distinct from those of the dominant societies in which they live. Indigenous peoples in India comprise an estimated population of 104 million or 8.6% of the national population, almost 90% of them living in rural areas. 705 ethnic groups notified as Scheduled Tribes (STs) spread across 30 States or Union Territories, these are considered to be India’s indigenous peoples that includes 75 identified PVTGs. Inherent rights of indigenous p...

Factors influencing population distribution Geographical factors Availability of water eg. Earliest civilizational dev near rivers Landforms - prefer flat terrain than mountains as such areas easy to travel and grow crops and other activities eg. Ganga plains Climate - extreme climates uncomfortable for human habitation comfortable climates wih less seasonal variation are favoured by people Soils -fertile soil which provides ground for agri and allied activities is preferred Economic factors Minerals areas with huge mineral resources potential for dev as eco centre providing jobs and dev so preferred katanga Zambia copper belt africa Urbanisation As people want ready availability of facilities like healthcare, education, cosmopolitan living and high standards of life at urban centres mega cities Industrialisation provides job opportunities from all walks of life labour and professionals eg. Kobe Osaka Reg Japan Social and cultural factors cultural and religious significance for ...