Class Notes 4 You

Globalization and technology are two sides of the same coin. They are complementary and a good interface between the two is sine-qua-non for growth and development in the contemporary global village. Globalization stimulates the spread of knowledge and technology, helping spread growth potential across countries. Investments in education, human capital, and domestic research and development are thus essential to build the capacity to absorb and efficiently use foreign knowledge. How globalization helps India to better the utilization of technology in scarce resources efficiently: Israel - Cooperation in water resources development and management, both surface and groundwater, and particularly river basin management and impact of climate change on water resources. Sweden: Torrefaction technology – to covert stubble into into a coal-like material to mitigate pollution  Green steel technology – to reduce dependence on coal for making steel Many people believe that issues of scarcity c...

Indian form of secularism is not about passive attitude towards religion but an equal treatment of all. Tolerance, assimilation and pluralism is its pillars to achieve the idea of Fraternity in our Constitution. Tolerance as a key element:- Tolerance in a democratic country like India means that the country belongs to minorities as much it belongs to majority community/religion. It ensures the minority rights and prevents Authoritarianism  or Majoritarianism.  The instances of various communal clashes including the Kashmiri Muslims and Pandits, Babri masjid demolition, Godhra and Muzzafarnagar riots bring in the consequences of intolerance.  Further, the secularism also entails tolerance within a religion. The instances of dalit lynching, discrimination, exploitation of women in the name of religion gives instances of intolerance threatening the secular fabric of the nation. Assimilation as a key element of Secularism:  Indian model of secularism does not talk about ...

A sect is a group of people who break away from a larger, established religious denomination because of a set of beliefs that differ in some key ways. While many views and practices of a sect will overlap with those of the larger group, other beliefs will be distinct enough to warrant a schism, or division between the groups.  Salience of sect Vis a Vis Religion:- Sects tend to draw disproportionately from the underprivileged elements of society,  They often decry liberal trends in denominational development and advocating a return to true religion. Adding Diversity:- Radhasoami sect does not prefer temple practice though they all belong to Hindu religion.  Vaishnavism, Shaivism, Shaktism, different sects believe in Lord Vaishanva, Shiva, and Shakti.  In Islam Sunni and Shia are two different sects following different authority.  Lingayat following Shiva as their deity only. Salience of sect vis a vis Region:- Jainism:- Svetambara in South and Digambar in North...

Troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere. The average height of troposphere is 13 km, with a height of 8 km at the poles and 18 km near the equator. Significance of Troposphere: Adiabatically Lapse rate: The temperature in this area of the atmosphere drops by around 6.5°C per kilometre as the distance above the earth increases. The average rate at which temperature within the troposphere decreases with altitude is called the normal lapse rate.  Dust Particles: Dust particles are generally found in the troposphere layer of the atmosphere. These dust particles help in the condensation of water vapour.  Cloud Formation: Clouds are usually produced through condensation – as the air rises, it will cool and reducing the temperature of the air decreases its ability to hold water vapour so that condensation occurs.  Wind Circulation: The velocity of wind is directly proportional to pressure gradient force. It is caused by the heating of the sun and the rotational moveme...

Animals played a very significant role in early Indian art and iconography. Among the elements in nature, animal portrayals received greater attention. Among animals lion and bull received much attention in mythology, art and architecture. Significance of the lion figure: From the primitive era, the lion is considered as the symbol of strength and power and worshipped through all ages in India as a symbol of royalty, leadership and protection as well as of wisdom and pride.  Lions symbolically have played significant roles in magic, as deities or close association with deities.b The lion symbolism and its cultural depictions can be found in Hindu and Buddhist art of India and Southeast Asia.  Narasimha ("man-lion"), Narasinga, is described as an incarnation (Avatara) of Vishnu in the Puranic texts of Hinduism.  Lions are also found in Buddhist symbolism. Lion pillars (Sarnath Lion capital, Sanchi Lion capital) erected by Ashoka show lions and the chakra emblem.  In B...

The Gupta Period (4th to 6th century) and Chola Period (9th to 11th century) left amazing examples of their glorious reign in the field of religion, literature, architecture, science & technology, painting, etc which has been called the ‘Golden era’ of India’s culture and heritage. Religion: They were devout Vaishnava themselves and tolerant towards the believers of Buddhism and Jainism. Cholas promoted Saivaits. A highly evolved philosophical system called Saiva Siddhanta was founded during this period.  Literature: Poet and playwright Kalidasa created such epics as Abhijnanasakuntalam, Malavikagnimitram; Vishakhadatta wrote Mudrarakshasa, etc. During Chola period, Kamban Ramayan written by Kamban (Tamil Ramayan), Kamban Ramayan by Kamban (Tamil Ramayan) Architecture: With Dashavatara temple at Deogarh, nagara style of temple architecture took shape. Chola art saw culmination of dravida temple art e.g. Brihadeswara, Airavasteshwara temples.  Science and Technology: Varaha...

British government reorganised states and territories into various provinces for administrative efficiency and political significance. British government carved following provinces: Central Provinces: Created in 1861 from Nagpur Province.  Assam: separated from Bengal in 1874 as the North-East Frontier province.  Andaman and Nicobar Islands: established as a province in 1875.  North-West Frontier Province: created in 1901 from Punjab Province.  Eastern Bengal and Assam: created in 1905 upon the partition of Bengal. Britisher followed policy of divide and rule on the basis race, religion, language which is impacting Indian polity till date leading to various reorganization. Political and administrative reasons for reorganization: In 1953, a separate state Andhra Pradesh was forcefully established for Telugu speaking people. Fazl Ali Commission recommended creation of states based on language.  Reorganisation of States acts 1956 re-established the boundaries of In...