Class Notes 4 You

Biodiversity: Concept and Facts 1) Services Provided by Biodiversity 2) Threats to the biodiversity 3) Pollinating agents 4) Adverse effects of fall in the population of species of butterflies 5) Biopiracy 6) Nitrogen-fixing plants 7) Biofertilizers and examples 8) Cultivators of fungi 9) Gadgil Committee Report 10) Kasturirangan Committee Report 11) M-STrIPES 12) National Aquatic Animal 13) Herbivores turtle species 14) Herbivores marine mammal 15) Herbivores fish species 16) Viviparous snake 17) Filter feeder and examples 18) Aflatoxins 19) Protected Areas are located in Cauvery basin 20) Living root bridges 21) Declining Vultures population 22) Biodiversity in Coral reefs 23) Biosphere reserves 24) Botanical gardens 25) National parks 26) Wildlife sanctuaries 27) Wetlands declared under Ramsar Convention – Significance 28) Tiger Reserves – recently declared 29) Eco-Sensitive Zones 30) Red Data Books 31) Critical 'tiger' habitats (CTHs) 32) Critical Wildlife Habitat 33...

 

Republic as the implementation of idea of Justice .Justice has been described as the first virtue of a society, by Rawls.It is the most fundamental basis on which the edifice of every state is built. A State can continue so long as people consider it just. The importance of the theory of justice in Plato’s work can be seen as even the subtitle of the masterpiece. ‘The Republic’ is ‘Concerning Justice’. Justice is the main ideal that Plato aspires for, because it signifies stability and has external character, and goes about incorporating it in his Republic. The main concern of Plato was to create Athens as an ideal State. For Plato, the State was the ideal, of which justice was the reality. The methodology used by Plato to arrive at this was dialectics. Through his book Republic written in the form of a dialogue. Plato arrived at some observations. Justice was not simply doing your duty, but also a source of virtue. Moreover, it was better to be just than to be unjust. Plato believed...

Plato wrote The Republic, a Socratic dialogue about justice, the order and character of the just city-state, and the just man, around 375 BC. It is Plato's most well-known work and one of the most intellectually and historically significant works of political theory and philosophy. The Republic by Plato is a work that talks about how important it is to be fair in the world and how being fair makes you happy. It is a book that talks about the ideal city and how just and philosophical governance can make people happy. Today, Plato's The Republic is a significant part of the Western literary canon. In this book, Plato asks the ultimate questions about happiness and justice, and the answers to those questions are constantly changing. Additionally, his book is essential for learning to question what is actually known. In all fields, this ability to question is essential. The "Constitution of Plato's Ideal state" is the most important part of "The Republic. “He int...

Plato is normative and he uses deductive reasoning whereas Aristotle uses deductive as well as inductive logic. Aristotle used the imperial method when he studied 158 constitutions of his time. Aristotle theory of evaluation is also based on empirical investigation. Aristotle uses a method of biology where he classifies the constitution thus, from Aristotle the tradition of scientific study of politics began. This is the reason professor Maxey calls Plato as the father of political philosophy and Aristotle as the father of political science. Plato’s book republic is not a book on politics primarily it is a book on ethics. Aristotle’s book titled political is primarily dealing with the subject of politics. As a father of political science Aristotle has given birth to the number of ideologies/ideological perspectives- convictism, Liberalism, communalism, etc. It was Aristotle who treated political science as the master science he rightfully deserves as known as the father of political sc...

Machiavelli, known as Italy's Chanakya, was born after the medieval period. Which was greatly influenced by the situation at that time. According to Sabine, Machiavelli's ideas were heavily influenced by his country and times. Because of the Renaissance, he was an opponent of the Church but not an opponent of religion. At the time of Machiavelli, Italy was divided into 5 different provinces and the greater influence of the Church was evident. Which was the internal problem of Italy. France and England existed as his external problems. All these circumstances influenced the thoughts of Machiavelli. Machiavelli said in The Prince that a prince should not be religious. But it should be moral. If necessary, he should resort to deceit, lies, punishment etc. A prince should have the strength of a lion and the cunning of a fox. Because he talked about establishing the unity of Italy, therefore in his view it is necessary to have a powerful prince for the unity of Italy. Who can protec...

This statement is the best example of Aristotle's principle of golden mean. Aristotle believes that moderation is the best way of life. Polity is the best practicable form of government for following reasons: Polity is a golden mean between two extremes- Oligarchy and democracy. Polity avoids extreme features of the 2 systems, Polity in the rule middle class. It is the rule of neither few nor many poor. Thus, it does not have problem of vices of two systems.  Rule of the middle class is better because rich people do not have the habit of obedience to law whereas poor people lack the ability to rule.  Both rich and poor have natural hatred against each other and both trust the middle class more than each other.  Both rich and poor are naturally inclined to commit crime. Thus, the rule of these classes that is rich and poor is not conducive for political stability and health of the society. Middle class have the habit of obedience to law. Middle class possesses property so ...

Y Plato is an idealist thinker; in the Republic Plato said that "justice is the harmony and coordination existing in all nature." Therefore, according to Plato, each person should act on the basis of the qualities of his soul. Plato said in his Republic that the knowledge of ideas is the best and the highest. Knowledge of thoughts is necessary to come out of ignorance. Plato's justice is based on morality and duty, presenting the idea of the philosopher king; he said that a rational person would be the ruler, it is necessary to have discretion to rule. Modern justice is based on law, based on the constitution. But Plato rejected the recognition of the rule of law. The law is made by man, which man has made for his convenience, but it is absolutely necessary to have knowledge for making law. A person with knowledge is not materialistic, for him all this is meaningless i.e. being materialistic for living can be okay to an extent, but a person with knowledge is not materiali...

Writing in the great work Republic, Plato said that the problem of states will not go away until philosophers become kings, that is, knowledge of ideas is necessary. Plato's ideas were influenced by Athens and Sparta. Plato said that the soul is real and the body is physical, that is, the pleasure of the body is momentary, the reality is in the soul. Plato said in the Republic that a person should act on the basis of knowledge such as a person satisfied with lust should produce, a courageous person should be a soldier and a prudent person should be a ruler. Plato said that the world of ideas is knowledge, that is, the real world, while the material world is influenced by opinion, that is, imaginary. Commenting on Plato's views, Karl Popper said that Plato is the enemy of free society. Because he leaves the individual at the will of the king and ignores the rights and liberties of the individual. Plato talked about the unity of the state because Plato's thoughts were influen...