Class Notes 4 You

UNION EXECUTIVE (PRESIDENT)  Introduction Art 54 President is the  head of union executive President according to parliamentary form of govt Nominal  head Uncertainty wrt tenure of govt, for continuity head of administration is required To be  above party politics Nature of Institution in India Differs from British monarch British is monarchy and India is republic Britain is unitary, India is federal Not completely neutral in India since elected Also  representative of states at union level President can be impeached, not monarch Deviation from original constitution Art 74 Before 42nd amendment, not mandatory for President to act on the aid and advice  of CoM Not binding for president to sign constitutional amendment bill Inconsistency in art 361 and art 61 Art 61 suggests impeachment for violation of constitution Art 361 suggests can't be inquired in any court of law Art 60 Deals with oath of president In India, president has power to send message to both ...

COMMITTEE SYSTEM  Introduction US:  congress in session is congress at display, congress in committee is congress at work work throughout the year can take specialist view on a particular issue parties can coordinate behind media committees can involve stakeholders, experts for consultation strongest committee system in  USA bill can directly go even before introduction to house in I ndia , committee system does not work efficiently not necessary to refer  the bill to committee 16th LS, only 27% are referred, 15th 70% were referred recommendations are even not tabled when discussed, not implemented started in India in  1921: Public Accounts Committee Estimates Committee was set up in 1950 1993: Departmental led Standing Committees have been set up 4 type of committee wrt legislative business financial departmental standing committee select committee ad hoc rules committee weakness of committee system,  Pratap Bhanu Mehta, Devesh kapoor  suffer gen...

PRIVILEDGES  Introduction  special rights available to few given to parliamentarians and Member of Legislatures to perform  responsibility without fear represent the dignity of house can punish a person for breach of privilege most universally available privilege is freedom of speech and expression Filibustering; senator can speak for unexpended time art  105 and 194 in India freedom of speech and expression exemption from liability from anything said  eg- no defamation for what is said inside house art 122  prohibits judiciary from interfering in the proceeding of house constitution leave it on parliament  to define privileges found in British house of commons will be available till not codified available to MPs as individual, house, committee and its members collectively need of codification Rajendra prasad emphasised on the need to codify it Lord Cairns ; most important privilege of the parliamentarians is not to codify it creates  uncertainty over...

  UNION PARLIAMENT  Introduction considered all three options gandhians : partyless democracy opposed party system  since it pursues party interest in name of national interest modernist like Nehru, Ambedkar: preferred parliamentary system previous experience more accountable to legislature more democratic  since result into cabinet system india's diversity western scholars were apprehensive society and economy was not suitable for democracy Moris Jones : book- Parliament in India western in origin lack of experience scale of diversity adverserial democracy  due to social cleavages rather than consensus diversity extreme competition in politics since traditional society so  hunt for power weakness during Pt Nehru lack of opposition lack of independent thinking among back-benchers close relationship between govt and party concealed dictatorship  of Nehru social environment in country Evolution of Parliamentary Democracy uptil 1960s Nehru's time refer Mo...

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 🏆 सफलता के 21 मंत्र 🏆 🔺1.खुद की कमाई  से कम           खर्च हो ऐसी जिन्दगी           बनाओ..! 🔺2. दिन  में कम  से कम            3 लोगो की प्रशंसा करो..! 🔺3. खुद की भूल स्वीकारने            में कभी भी संकोच मत            करो..! 🔺4. किसी  के सपनों पर  हँसो            मत..! 🔺5. आपके पीछे खडे व्यक्ति            को भी कभी कभी आगे            जाने का मौका दो..! 🔺6. रोज हो सके तो सूरज को            उगता हुआ देखें..! 🔺7. खूब जरुरी हो तभी कोई           चीज उधार लो..! 🔺8. किसी के पास  से  कुछ            जानना हो तो विवेक  से            दो बार...पूछो..! 🔺9. कर्ज और शत्रु को कभी         ...

 📚💗😊💗📚🌷 आज का सुविचार🌷 📚💗☺️💗📚 जीवन की सबसे बड़ी ख़ुशी,   उस काम को करने में हैं,      जिसे लोग कहते हैं.      “तुम नहीं कर सकते”      मैं वो खेल नहीं खेलता    जिसमे जीतना फिक्स हो,    क्योंकि जीतने का मजा तब हैं,     जब हारने का रिस्क हो. 😇🌺🙏  🌷🌼🌻🌺🌱🌳🌷Good Morning🌷🌱🌳🌻🌼🌷