Class Notes 4 You

Civil Services (Main) Examination, 2021 Reserve List  https://www.upsc.gov.in/sites/default/files/ReserveList-CSM-21-Eng-101022.pdf 

Naxalism is a violent movement that claims to fight for the social and economic rights of Underprivileged groups who want to overthrow the Indian Government and replace it with a different regime. Social, economic and developmental causes of Naxalism: Poverty amongst ST and Dalit e.g. The National Family health survey shows 45.9% of ST members are in the lowest wealth.  Lack of access to Basic forest Resources –poor implementation of FRA 2006 and PESA 1996.  Land Alienation and Displacement with little or no rehabilitation e.g. The Sardar Sarovar Project displaced 57% of tribal among total displaced people.  Skewed Mining Policy.  Labor, Unemployment and issue of Minimum Wages. Environmental Degradation. Above cause leads to Discontent, Distrust and Alienation Emerging issues: Organized Crime  Illegal opium cultivation  Coming together of different groups together  Foreign contact ex:- Phillipines Recent initiatives: SAMADHAN It is a strategy of MHA to...

Cyber Security is protecting cyber space including critical information infrastructure from attack, damage, misuse and economic espionage. Elemets of Cyber security Architecture: Network Elements : Network nodes like computers, NICs, repeaters, hubs, bridges, switches, routers, modems, gateways.  Security Elements : like firewalls, Intrusion Detection/Protection Systems [IDS/IPS], encryption/decryption devices.  Security Frameworks & Standards : Cybersecurity framework architecture standards like NIST Risk Management Framework. Vulnerabilities to the Architecture: Data Diddling : Attack floods systems, servers, or networks with traffic to exhaust resources and bandwidth.  Ransomware : Blocks access to key components of the network and demand money to unlock it.  Phishing : The goal is to steal sensitive data like credit card and login information or to install malware on the victim’s machine  Malware : Covertly obtains information by transmitting data from t...

It is the loss or displacement of land, or the long-term removal of sediment and rocks along the coastline due to the action of waves, currents, tides, wind driven water, or other impacts of storms.  Causes of Coastal Erosion: Natural Factors 1. Action of Breaking Waves  2. Effect of Severe Cyclonic Storms  3. Rise in Sea Level  4. Deflation  5. Tidal Current  Anthropogenic Factors  1.Construction of Unplanned Structures  2.Reduction of sediment supply due to damming of rivers  3.Removal of sand from beaches  4.Dredging of inlet channels  5.Unplanned reclamation   Effects of Coastal Erosion: Ecological Degradation: Mangroves, coral reefs, and the majority of wetlands along the coast have all been severely damaged. Eg: Coastal erosion is damaged coral reefs near Kovalam coast in Kerela.  Vulnerability of population: increasing loss of land, with many people migrating or having already migrated. E.g., Current trend of e...

As per IPCC 5th Assessment Report, Global Warming is defined as an increase in combined surface air and sea surface temperatures averaged over the globe and over a 30-year period. Effects of Global Warming on Global Climate: Rise in temperature leading to ice melt : Thinning ice of Northern Seas will make the atmospheric conditions vulnerable to control.  Threat to Marine Life : Leads to destruction to marine and coral life underwater.  Loss of Settlements : Rise to Sea level threatens infrastructure and human settlements.  Impact on Health : Crop failure due to global warming leads to food insecurity and malnutrition. Control measures, in light of Kyoto protocol (KP) (1997):- It commits industrialised countries to stabilise greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). It binds emission reduction targets only for developed countries. However, the Protocol also offers three market-based mechanisms: 1. Emissions trading (Carbon trading): A new commodity was created in the form of emiss...

According to WHO vaccination is a simple, safe, and effective method of protecting individuals against dangerous diseases before they are exposed to them.” Principle of vaccination: Vaccines stimulate the immune response (T-cells and B-cells together work) to recognise a pathogen (a disease-causing organism) or part of a pathogen.  It induces protection against a pathogen by mimicking its natural interaction with the human immune system. Vaccines Work: When the vaccine is introduced into the body, the white blood cells come in the response.  The WBCs recognise the vaccine as foreign substance by the surface molecule on the vaccine.  After recognition the B and T cells start dividing rapidly.  T-cytotoxic and B killer cells started responding to the vaccine. That's why fever is common after vaccination.  Some WBCs differentiate as B- memory cells which are stored within the body.  When the pathogen attack takes place or is given a booster dose, the B-memory ...

James Webb Telescope: The telescope is the result of an international collaboration between NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Canadian Space Agency. It can see backwards in time to just after the Big Bang by looking for galaxies that are so far away that the light has taken many billions of years to get from those galaxies to our telescopes.  It's the successor to Hubble Telescope. Unique Features of James Webb Space Telescope (JWST): Wavelength : Hubble telescope use Ultraviolet rays of wavelength, whereas James Webb use Infrared rays.  Orbit : Hubble telescope orbits around the Earth, whereas James Webb orbits around the Lagrange point(L2).  The JWST is capable of detecting the heat of a bumblebee as far away as the moon.  The James Webb Space Telescope is expected to be about 100 times more sensitive than the Hubble telescope which has the capability to transform scientific understanding of the universe. Key Goals of the JWST: To search for the first g...