Power, Legitimacy

Liberal	Marxist
power is with people, popular sovereignty	power with propertied class socialist countries: people- dictatorship of people in bourgeoise democracy, rule of minority over majority
Elitist	Pluralists
power with elites political parties and leaders in democracies	power with pressure groups, interest groups
Steven Lukes on power decision making (formal): sovereign (Hobbes) Agenda setting: instrumentalist (marx) thought controlled process: interpellation, hegemony	politics= study of shaping and sharing power power theory what means who exercise how exercise 'real rulers are undiscoverable

Elitist Theory	Pluralist	Foucault's theory of power
marxist: power with propertied class emperical approach: power lies with elites power and money always concentrated (power with masses) is a myth which is neither possible, nor desirable Robert Michelles : book- Political Parties Iron Law of oligarchies: power lies with oligarchies elites:  traditional method : by birth. men of gold (plato) modern: pol parties. organisational skills Weber: in democracy, political party have become power houses. elites and democracy: leadership is common exponents: Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Pareto, Michels, Mosca, C Wright Mills Exponents Pareto book: Mind and Society circulation of elites: Fox and Lion. no trickle down democratic upsurge: power transfer in india Congress->OBC->SC (power hasn't tricked down) Yogendra Yadav History of mankind is graveyard of aristocracies democracy is circulation of power among state Mosca Book: The Ruling Class- Govern and Governed organisational skills to become elite Robert Michelles: research on socialist parties book: Political parties- iron law of oligarchies: power with elites in any system C Wright Mills research on democracy in US US ruled by power elites, oligarchy federal leaders, military officials, industrialists (defence) not always, but after civil rights movement and US rise as global power concept of 'power elites': people holding top positions in important organisations are power elites. eg- RSS sarsanghchalak Eisenhover: US is military-industry complex Elitist theory of democracy only free and fair elections are desirable market model of democracy (Schumpeter and Weber) Max Weber, Shumpeter : politician= enterprenuer, consumer= voter only procedural, not substantive democracy western> socialist (democratic due to elections) options among elites Anthony Downs : economic model of democracy	Robert Dahl study 'Who Governs' context: Mill's theory verification finding: no individuals, but group of individuals hold power (pressure groups) power elites only in exceptional situations. eg- atom bomb polyarchy golden mean between democracy and oligarchy best practicable form of democracy people have power as a group democracy not rule of all but rule of many features of polyarchy rule of law separation of powers independence of judiciary freedom to form associations freedom of press fundamental rights right to dissent recognition of opposition deformed polyarchy Robert Dahl, Charles Lindhlom all groups don't have equal power. corporates have more Liberals (all)->marxists (corporates)->elitists(elites, leaders of political party)-> pluralists (polyarchy, pressure groups)-> deformed polyarchy( specific pressure group)	post modernist/post-structural concept knowledge is power power is everywhere power flows throughout the society like the network of capillaries Hobbes: power with sovereign. sovereign exercises on subjects Marx: power with propertied class Foucault: power from everywhere society<-->king<-->subjects unconventional (microview) king's power not on subject but everyone's power on everyone that king has power is discourse power is everywhere, comes from everywhere, goes everywhere power is not stored, power is exercised sociological rather than juridico-discursive Discipline power that is exercised in such a way that on whom it is exercised feels it in his interest Book- Discipline and punish discussed evolution of disciplinary society harsh punishment generated sympathy for criminal and anger against state so prison reforms  now prison for reforms which made state popular thus state understood technique of power Panopticon: Bentham-> no policeman, look from above all time society is similar to panopticon- we develop governmentality governmentability: we govern ourselves due to fear of society governmentability through discources by various institutions social institutions like schools, asylums, hospitals, prisons are based on discourses and represent the discourses institutionalization of discourses with society growing, state discovered 'economy of power' book- Madness and Civilization discourse: way to exercise power those who adjusted to capitalism were normal, those who didn't were termed mad book- the History of sexuality when society became big, govt unable to keep watch on all, so govt developed bio-power: state's ability to discipline human body (achieved through discourses by homogenising people) genealogy and archaeology: specific form of history writing to understand evolution of discourses  given by Nietzche power exercised by society: disciplinary power
Gramsci domination economic is main source against civil society	Hannah Arendt sui generis- when people come together empowerment- civil society

Consent of governed  enables to govern, otherwise use of violence different from legality when not legitimate, protest/resistance
Method for legitimacy	Indications of legitimacy
freedom of expression judicial independence free and fair elections social welfare schemes propaganda compulsory voting	law and order tax compliance  participation in national events respect for national symbols elections
Theories of legitimacy	Legitimations crisis
Max Weber marx failed since govt enjoyed authority (legitimacy+power) types of authority traditional- king, father in church charismatic: particular leader not long biggest role in society facing crisis rational legal: elections, bureaucratic	Habermas neo-marxist welfare states= fail or face legitimation crisis based on contradictory principles capitalist economy, socialist polity limit to what private sector can support welfare program when policies rolled back, people protest (legitimation crisis) reflected by social movements Greece is best example