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Theory of State

THEORY OF STATE
  1. state
    1. most important discipline of political science
      1. Garner
        Image result for james wilford garner
        :political science begins and ends with state
    2. represents public authority, system of governance
Features 
  1. territory
  2. govt 
  3. population
  4. sovereignty
    1. autonomy (internal/external)
    2. territoriality
    3. centralisation of authority
Sovereignty (given by Hobbes)
  1. pluralistic
  2. monistic

Sovereignty
Monistic
Pluralistic
  1. Hobbessian (originator)
  2. Austinian (proponent)
    Image result for john austin
    1. if a determinate human superior, not in habit to like superior, receives habitual obedience, from the bulk of society, than that human superior is sovereign and that society is political society-John Austin
  3. based on medieval experience (fragmanted)
  4. no internal/external interference (absolute)
  5. law as command of sovereign- Austin
    1. Max Weber: modern nation state is an institution having monopoly over the use of violence in a particular territory
  1. exponents: Laski, MacIver
  2. need
    1. absolutism
    2. led to WW1, WW2
    3. limit power of state- international institutions
    4. importance to human rights
  3. federalism can't exist with monistic theory
    1. state is like other associations, hence power distribution between associations
  4. customs, traditions are also law, not only state-made
    1. Duguit
      Image result for leon duguit
        and Krabbe
      Image result for hugo krabbe
      : multiple sources of law
  5. not desirable
    1. against international law
    2. concentration of power
    3. nowhere Austinian sovereignty existed in world- Henry Maine (not even Raja Ranjit Singh)
      Image result for henry maine history

Philosophical basis (Laski)
Image result for laski
  1. multi-dimensional human, multiple needs
  2. hence multiple institutions
    1. since society is federal, authority is also federal- Laski
    2. it would be of lasting benefit to the discipline of political science if the concept of sovereignty of state is expunged or thrown out of discipline- Laski
    3. with the emergence of federal form of govt, it has become impossible, misadventure to locate sovereign- laski
    4. Henry Maine: historian- there is no example from history which can be put as ideal example of Austin's theory of sovereignty

Types of pluralists
  1. moderate- Laski
    1. state>other association
      1. importance- equilibrium maker
      2. keystone of social architecture
  2. extreme pluralists: MacIver (sociologist)
    Image result for MACIVER
    1. state= other institution (all institutions don't require state)
    2. service state: state commands because it serves
    3. state- guardian as well as child of law
    4. anarchist: against as well as eliminate state
      1. pluralists don't eliminate
      2. the general will is not the will of the state, but will of people for state

Evaluation of Pluralists
  1. merits
    1. sociological, realistic, political 
  2. demerits
    1. inconclusive (against state as well as support it)
    2. want to keep the cake and have it too

Conclusion
  1. relevant since realistic
  2. consistency is not necessary
Globalisation vs Sovereignty

  1. Globalists: diluted sovereignty
    1. Kenichi Ohmae
      Image result for kenichi ohmae
      , Marshal McLuhan
      Image result for marshall mcluhan
      ,    Susan Strange
      Image result for susan strange
      , Ethan Kapstein
      Image result for ethan kapstein
    2. role of state diminished due to global institutions like IMF, UN
    3. neo-liberalisation has weakened state
    4. sub national- regions, cities will dominate
  2. State-centric: state more sovereign
    1. Robert Gilpin
      Image result for robert gilpin
      : book- Global political economy
    2. global institutions are controlled by states (US, western europe)
    3. anti-globalisation movements
  3. Transformationalists: both
    1. David Held
      Image result for david held
      - book: Introduction to critical theory
    2. eg- Paris climate 2015, WTO
    3. globalization is a real phenomenon and is affecting nation states.  However, the nation state still plays a role in world politics.
    4. external forces such as human rights, population policy, and factors such as the environment, education, labor, and immigration, all have an enormous role to play in reshaping the structures of nation states.
  4. Sorenson
    Image result for georg sørensen
    : globalisation has not impacted all states equally, some are winning, some are losing



THEORIES OF STATE
Liberal theory 
Marxist
  1. origin of state: social contract. created by man (mechanistic)
  2. function of state:
    1. minimal/night watchman
    2. welfare state
  3. nature of state:
    1. unbiased
    2. treat everybody equal
  1. critic of liberal
  2. origin: no contract but for subjugation of weak.
  3. function: coercion
  4. nature: instrument of capitalist class
Marxist
Instrumentalists
Structuralist
  1. Marx, Lenin, Ralph Miliband
  2. book: Communist Manifesto
  3. state: instrument of capitalist class
    1. marx: state is executive committee (implements order) of capitalist class 
  4. base and superstructure model
  5. state exist <=> classes exist
    1. Lenin: state represent irreconciability of class-antagonism
    2. in capitalist society, represent dictatorship of minority, in socialist society, represent dictatorship of majority
  1. state is also structure
  2. relative autonomy: not complete instrument
    1. sometimes may not act as instrument
    2. Marx: 18th Brunaire of Lois Bonaparte: gave the theory of relative autonomy
      1. bonapartism: executive is strongest arm of govt
      2. Marx: when more than one dominant class (feudal, capitalist), state becomes equilibrium maker. state bargains with different groups. 
      3. near to liberal theory of non-bias state
      4. not complete neutral since in crisis stage will support rich
Ralph Miliband                   Instrumentalist
Image result for ralph miliband
  1. nature of state in post-capitalist societies
    1. laisses faire- original capitalism
  2. post capitalism: welfare state
  3. BooK; the nature of state in capitalist societies
  4. Obj: impact of welfare state
  5. result: no change
    1. inequitable distribution of wealth =>concentration of wealth=> elites (bureaucracy, judiciary)=>decision for rich
  6. Managerial revolution: James Burnham
    Image result for james burnham
    1. decision making by mangers  (any one can become)  so not necessarily for capitalists 
    2. Miliband: manager also rich only
Poulantzas
Image result for poulantzas
: Structuralist
  1. book: Political power and Social class
  2. welfare state: relative autonomous
    1. universal adult franchise: voting power to masses
    2. so each party has something for all class
  3. relative autonomy= favour rich in crisis
  4. competitive political parties: so for each section

Althusser: interpellation 
  1. ideological state apparatus, so no resistance
Neo-liberal state
  1. Hayek, Friedman, Nozick

Post-colonial state
  1. third world countries
  2. suffering from neo-colonialism:  Kwame Nkruma (father of Ghana)
  3. colonialism: unequal exchange: 3rd world countries go for autonomous development
    1. colony= dependency (like bacteria makes human a colony, benefit enormously, not equal exchange)
    2. development of underdevelopment of of peripheries (prosperity of core)

Nature of post colonial states
Modernist: WB economist
Marxist
  1. integration of post-colonial with world economy

FW Riggs: 
Image result for fw riggs
  1. Prismatic societies: society in transition  (traditional to modern)
  2. modern; state specialisation
  3. features of prismatic: (earlier fused, now somewhat separated functions
    1. formalism ( theory equal practice ),
    2. poly-communalism (many communities, not a nation)
    3. poly normativism (following norms by making laws),
    4. functional overlapping, (army=civilian)
    5. attainment norms, (birth)
    6. economic system (bazar-canteen),
    7. administrative system (SALA model- nepotism),
    8. heterogenity (modern+traditional)

Gunnar Myrdal              
Image result for gunnar myrdal
  1. book: Asian Drama
  2. india= soft state (don't punish) due to
    1. corruption,
    2. gandhi (law breaker),
    3. culture (respect for law-breaker)
  3. result of soft state
    1. lawlessness, corruption
  4. even Pt. nehru could not enforce land reforms
  5. Ambedkar: grammar of Anarchy = soft state
Instrumentalist- dependency theories
  1. given by scholars of Latin America and Africa
  2. AG frank
    Image result for ag frank
    , Emmanuel Wallerstein
    Image result for immanuel wallerstein
    , Samir Amin
    Image result for samir amin
  3. core and periphery interlinked due to globalisation
  4. core (advanced) and periphery model: development of underdevelopment
    1. periphery are instrument in hands of core countries
  5. solution: 3rd world solidarity- delink from international economy
  6. core countries are instrument  of their bourgeoise class

Structural: Hamza Alvi
Image result for hamza alavi
  1. south asia: particularly Pak
  2. overdeveloped state
    1. not to look by instrumentalist approach since state not instrument of bourgeoise in these countries
  3. west: economic development= state development
    1. 3rd world - mismatch in development
      1. economy: traditional, state- modern( not instrument of any class) (most powerful)
      2. as a result, Bonapartism
        1. colonial legacy: powerful bureaucracy to control
      3. continued because
        1. leaders continued
        2. state led development (executive powerful)- concentration of wealth in hand of executive and civil servants
Pluralists theory of state
Feminist theory
  1. Robert Dahl: polyarchy (different from pluralist theory of sovereignty)
  1. study power (patriarchy) instead of state
  2. Catherine Mckinnon
    Image result for catherine mackinnon
    : state is male
    1. there is no feminist theory of state
    2. when i look at state, state appears male to me
  3. personal is political
    1. state is instrument of patriarchy
  4. Iris Marian Young
    Image result for iris marion young
    : differentiated citizenship
    1. affirmative action in favour of women
  5. ambivalent view
    1. exploiter
    2. only way to solve
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