Theory of State

THEORY OF STATE

state most important discipline of political science Garner :political science begins and ends with state represents public authority, system of governance	Features  territory govt  population sovereignty autonomy (internal/external) territoriality centralisation of authority
Sovereignty (given by Hobbes) pluralistic monistic
Sovereignty
Monistic	Pluralistic
Hobbessian (originator) Austinian (proponent) if a determinate human superior, not in habit to like superior, receives habitual obedience, from the bulk of society, than that human superior is sovereign and that society is political society-John Austin based on medieval experience (fragmanted) no internal/external interference (absolute) law as command of sovereign- Austin Max Weber: modern nation state is an institution having monopoly over the use of violence in a particular territory	exponents: Laski, MacIver need absolutism led to WW1, WW2 limit power of state- international institutions importance to human rights federalism can't exist with monistic theory state is like other associations, hence power distribution between associations customs, traditions are also law, not only state-made Duguit   and Krabbe : multiple sources of law not desirable against international law concentration of power nowhere Austinian sovereignty existed in world- Henry Maine (not even Raja Ranjit Singh) Philosophical basis (Laski) multi-dimensional human, multiple needs hence multiple institutions since society is federal, authority is also federal- Laski it would be of lasting benefit to the discipline of political science if the concept of sovereignty of state is expunged or thrown out of discipline- Laski with the emergence of federal form of govt, it has become impossible, misadventure to locate sovereign- laski Henry Maine: historian- there is no example from history which can be put as ideal example of Austin's theory of sovereignty Types of pluralists moderate- Laski state>other association importance- equilibrium maker keystone of social architecture extreme pluralists: MacIver (sociologist) state= other institution (all institutions don't require state) service state: state commands because it serves state- guardian as well as child of law anarchist: against as well as eliminate state pluralists don't eliminate the general will is not the will of the state, but will of people for state Evaluation of Pluralists merits sociological, realistic, political  demerits inconclusive (against state as well as support it) want to keep the cake and have it too Conclusion relevant since realistic consistency is not necessary
Globalisation vs Sovereignty Globalists: diluted sovereignty Kenichi Ohmae , Marshal McLuhan ,    Susan Strange , Ethan Kapstein role of state diminished due to global institutions like IMF, UN neo-liberalisation has weakened state sub national- regions, cities will dominate State-centric: state more sovereign Robert Gilpin : book- Global political economy global institutions are controlled by states (US, western europe) anti-globalisation movements Transformationalists: both David Held - book: Introduction to critical theory eg- Paris climate 2015, WTO globalization is a real phenomenon and is affecting nation states.  However, the nation state still plays a role in world politics. external forces such as human rights, population policy, and factors such as the environment, education, labor, and immigration, all have an enormous role to play in reshaping the structures of nation states. Sorenson : globalisation has not impacted all states equally, some are winning, some are losing

THEORIES OF STATE

Liberal theory	Marxist
origin of state: social contract. created by man (mechanistic) function of state: minimal/night watchman welfare state nature of state: unbiased treat everybody equal	critic of liberal origin: no contract but for subjugation of weak. function: coercion nature: instrument of capitalist class
Marxist
Instrumentalists	Structuralist
Marx, Lenin, Ralph Miliband book: Communist Manifesto state: instrument of capitalist class marx: state is executive committee (implements order) of capitalist class  base and superstructure model state exist <=> classes exist Lenin: state represent irreconciability of class-antagonism in capitalist society, represent dictatorship of minority, in socialist society, represent dictatorship of majority	state is also structure relative autonomy: not complete instrument sometimes may not act as instrument Marx: 18th Brunaire of Lois Bonaparte: gave the theory of relative autonomy bonapartism: executive is strongest arm of govt Marx: when more than one dominant class (feudal, capitalist), state becomes equilibrium maker. state bargains with different groups.  near to liberal theory of non-bias state not complete neutral since in crisis stage will support rich
Ralph Miliband                   Instrumentalist nature of state in post-capitalist societies laisses faire- original capitalism post capitalism: welfare state BooK; the nature of state in capitalist societies Obj: impact of welfare state result: no change inequitable distribution of wealth =>concentration of wealth=> elites (bureaucracy, judiciary)=>decision for rich Managerial revolution: James Burnham decision making by mangers  (any one can become)  so not necessarily for capitalists  Miliband: manager also rich only	Poulantzas : Structuralist book: Political power and Social class welfare state: relative autonomous universal adult franchise: voting power to masses so each party has something for all class relative autonomy= favour rich in crisis competitive political parties: so for each section Althusser: interpellation  ideological state apparatus, so no resistance
Neo-liberal state Hayek, Friedman, Nozick
Post-colonial state
third world countries suffering from neo-colonialism:  Kwame Nkruma (father of Ghana) colonialism: unequal exchange: 3rd world countries go for autonomous development colony= dependency (like bacteria makes human a colony, benefit enormously, not equal exchange) development of underdevelopment of of peripheries (prosperity of core)
Nature of post colonial states
Modernist: WB economist	Marxist
integration of post-colonial with world economy FW Riggs:  Prismatic societies: society in transition  (traditional to modern) modern; state specialisation features of prismatic: (earlier fused, now somewhat separated functions formalism ( theory equal practice ), poly-communalism (many communities, not a nation) poly normativism (following norms by making laws), functional overlapping, (army=civilian) attainment norms, (birth) economic system (bazar-canteen), administrative system (SALA model- nepotism), heterogenity (modern+traditional) Gunnar Myrdal               book: Asian Drama india= soft state (don't punish) due to corruption, gandhi (law breaker), culture (respect for law-breaker) result of soft state lawlessness, corruption even Pt. nehru could not enforce land reforms Ambedkar: grammar of Anarchy = soft state	Instrumentalist- dependency theories given by scholars of Latin America and Africa AG frank , Emmanuel Wallerstein , Samir Amin core and periphery interlinked due to globalisation core (advanced) and periphery model: development of underdevelopment periphery are instrument in hands of core countries solution: 3rd world solidarity- delink from international economy core countries are instrument  of their bourgeoise class Structural: Hamza Alvi south asia: particularly Pak overdeveloped state not to look by instrumentalist approach since state not instrument of bourgeoise in these countries west: economic development= state development 3rd world - mismatch in development economy: traditional, state- modern( not instrument of any class) (most powerful) as a result, Bonapartism colonial legacy: powerful bureaucracy to control continued because leaders continued state led development (executive powerful)- concentration of wealth in hand of executive and civil servants
Pluralists theory of state	Feminist theory
Robert Dahl: polyarchy (different from pluralist theory of sovereignty)	study power (patriarchy) instead of state Catherine Mckinnon : state is male there is no feminist theory of state when i look at state, state appears male to me personal is political state is instrument of patriarchy Iris Marian Young : differentiated citizenship affirmative action in favour of women ambivalent view exploiter only way to solve