Equality

Dworkin             : equality is sovereign virtue (most important) book:  Sovereign virtue equality before law-->  equality of opportunity-->equality of outcomes (absolute equality) equality in liberalism under threat Dworkin: liberty based on equality liberty is hollow in the absence of equality: Berlin Schools of Thought Liberal Feminist Multiculturalist Marxist Communitarian

Equality in Liberalism Under threat in liberalism liberalism is based on equality, not against it like Isiah Berlin, considers that core of liberlism is equality Core Issue ( equality in what sense?) utilitarian: give all which provides equal pleasure equality in terms of welfare (pleasure) not suitable (Dworkin): capitalist will get more than worker egalitarian:  Egalitarian Theory of Equality (Dworkin) Book- Sovereign Virtue Equality of resources-Dworkin (critic of Nozick who gave entitlement theory, follower of rawls) just, initial distribution people should be held responsible for the choices they make but only the choices they have made in chosen circumstances compensate only once, not again and again Envy test (to identify just distribution): in new society, give everyone equal but give disabled more initially (just initial distribution) luck brute luck: man has no choice (endowment sensitive) option luck; man has choice when man go for ambition sensitive, don't compensate for loss he suggests auction- give equitable initial amount ambition sensitive auction done after just initial distribution what they want endowment sensitive see natural capacity people's choice will be seen by the amount they can spend for particular value

Amartya Sen Equality of capability (even when equal resources, provide capability for more equality) functional approach social choice approach (multi-dimenstional view, not just economic) takes into account different issues- society, religion, gender, etc realisation focus approach-  person should realise importance, get respect from others looks at person as end of economic growth, not means development is => freedom is explained  => terms of capability Affirmative action positive intervention by state (reservation) for community as whole, not for individuals SC on reservation Ram Singh Case (Jat): SC directed govt to identify new vulnerable groups like transgenders SC suggested to bring creamy layer concept in SC Ashok Kumar Thakur Case: reservation policies are enabling policies should bring people towards same level and than stop for historical reasons  (RC Guha: debate on reservation generate more heat than light) Pratap Bhanu Mehta reservation policy makes us immoral  our opinions in public are different from that in private it is different from preferential policy ( giving reservation to dominant communities like jats in Haryana, Marathas in Maharashtra)

Communitarian view Michael Walzer: complex equality book: spheres of justice complex equality equality in complex phenomena blocking exchanges; when advantage in one field, should not use it in other field