Kautilya

Introduction	Main Ideas
Arthashastra: belong to Dandashastra primary issue is state craft continuity in Manu and Kautilya meaning of Arthashastra according to Kautilya, arthashastra means statecraft artha= material wellbeing, most important objective of  king Material wellbeing is supreme, attainment of all other goals Dharma, Kaam, Moksha depends on material well being material= land, so go for land hence neighbors are enemies deals with 'art of war' like SunTzu, the chinese strategist main ideas: war, strategic planning, balance of power, geopolitics first textbook of geopolitics science of capturing land state= organism, so expand, otherwise perish George Tanham : rejected that india had any strategic culture, Kautilya proved him wrong change is being observed with rise of hindu rightist party	state of relations between countries Mandal Siddhant Saptang Theory Shadgunya Niti (Six Fold Policy) 4 Upay (4-fold mean) types of war
1. State of Relations between two states	2. Mandal Siddhant
relation of war, strength of lion prevails realist thought: politics between nation is politics of power believes in offensive realism: power maximisation rather than defence maximisation	context: Raj Dharma= Kshatriya Dharma after coronation, go for war tradition like Ashwamedh Yagya, Rajsuya Yagya king= vijikshu (who aspires victory) desire of becoming Chakravartin Samrat charkra means Mandal based on geopolitics since state is organism, it has to expand, hence neighbor is enemy enemy's neighbor is friend/Mitra. eg- india-afghanistan four circles in sequence Ari (enemy) back enemy= Parshnigraha Mitra (friend) back friend: akranda  Madyama (Mediator) buffer states. prevents two powers to come to conflict. eg- Nepal, earlier Tibet Udasina (Neutral) eg- Switzerland, Turkmenistan neutral in context of war give equal access to both parties bring neutral countries in his favour. eg- Nepal should not become neutral, today in india's favour due to 1950 Agreement
3. Types of War	4. Shadgunya Niti (six-fold Policy)
depends on position of Vijikshu parakram yudha (direct/ open) Koot Yudha (Gueirrella war) Tushmin Yudha (Proxy war)	sandhi treaty: when enemy is strong Vighra: break sandhi when you are strong Aasana: stationing of forces near the territory of enemy Yann: exercise war on enemy's territory Samashrya: join hands with those who have similar objectives. eg- QUAD dvaidhbhava; make friendship with one enemy, instead of war at both fronts
5. Upayas (4 fold policy)	6. Saptanga Theory
sam, dam, Dand, Bhed 3 types of victories Dharmanvijaya: rightful means Lobhavijaya: economic inducement to army of enemy Asurvijaya: unfair means	Sapta Prakriti 7 lines of state 7 elements of sovereignty example of organic theory of state king: nabhi of state most important role smart and strong king can convert weak elements into strength single can't run state, hence respect others kingship is dharma in the happiness of the subjects lies the happiness of the king Amatya senior ministers, brahmins ambassador is most important handsome, trusted, well versed in shastra at least 3 amatyas since 2 can conspire keep testing integrity of amatyas since can challenge the king Durga symbol of defensive and offensive capabilities of the state janapada place where common man operates, do business provides war resources remain in touch of public mood types of spies for internal as well as external kapatika bhikshuka women udasthita (destitute/orphans) grahapalika (domestic servants) bala military strength composed of kshatriya, believes in hereditary basis of recruitment but other can also be there kosha treasury routine+ emergency fulfilment mitra symbolic importance symbol of strength' Relevance of Saptang in Mandal Siddhant before any expedition, measure strength through saptang  12 directions, 7 elements= total 84 elements of sovereignty
Statecraft on internal administration	Comparison between Kautilya and Machiavelli
internal, external are interdependent take care of 7 elements of sovereignty keep spies to check internal rebellion problem of corruption inevitable part of administration honey on the tongue, it is not possible not to taste it so much resources that don't realise when done corruption fish swimming in water will itself not realise when it has drank the water not desirable makes state weak internally, externally reduces the capacity of state and reduces morale of people difficult to detect corruption suggestions to identify right size bureaucracy transfer of official before he understands loopholes security and reward to whistleblowers punish entire chain (giver(dayak), taker(pratigraha), middlemen(nidhayaka)) publically humiliate reward honest officers compensate those who have suffered	Pt. Nehru : book- Discovery of India Kautilya as Indian Machiavelli Upinder Kaur : book- Political Violence in Ancient India Machiavelli should be called Italian Kautilya remarkable similarities despite difference in time and region realist motherland facing similar situations both give similar advice allow king to use all sorts of means amorality= sam, dam, dand, bhed expanisve foreign policy Bottazzi, Winternitz : trace the roots of realism to kautilya differences Machiavelli, prince is above religion, in kautilya, he has to follow dharma machiavelli gives generic advice, kautilya gives precise advice Max Weber : book - politics as vocation Kautilya was more Machiavellian then Machiavelli himself kautilya got his king, Machiavelli didn't get his prince