Theory Of Democracy

democracy: participation of people is essential for  good governance which is not possible without accountability & transparency	democracy: value system Winston Churchill: democracy is the worst form of govt. however, it is the best form of govt until we discover a better form of govt progression in history 1=monarchy few=aristocracy many=democracy	Amartya Sen book: Argumentative indian  indian tradition has been democratic eg- buddhist assemblies, against Asian value concept (that democracy is incompatible with asian values) democracy (values) instrumental educative intrinsic indian tradition: democratic, tolerant
Democracy= society+economy+polity Ambedkar; democracy is just top soil in india speech: grammar of anarchy we are entering into the life of contradiction. we are introducing political democracy but india lacks social and economic democracy. it is not enough to have 1 man, 1 vote; it is also necessary that there is one vote, one value	Samuel P Huntington: Waves of Democracy 1st wave: mature democracy: USA Britain 1st reverse wave: post WW1- hitler, mussolini 2nd wave: post decolonisation 2nd reverse wave: collapse of democracy in 3rd world 3rd wave: collapse of soviet union. except Arab, china and cuba Arab Exceptionalism 4th wave: didn't happen- Arab Spring	Democracy in india-why survived elites: Pt. Nehru: ensured democracy judiciary, EC culture constitution size and diversity british legacy- introduction of rule and law/ institution consciousness of rights- due to freedom movement separation of civil and military rule Christophe Jaffrelot: indian democracy remains procedural far from substantive, there is rule of money and muscle instead of rule of law Fareed Zarkariya:  if constitutionalism (rule of law) precede democracy (adult franchise), chances of success more
Cosmopolitan model of democracy David Held impact of globalisation weakened democracy. institution like WB, IMF control central govt which themselves are not democratic suggestions strengthen world democracy world govt in long term UNSC, WB, IMF reform in short term independence of judiciary strengthen grassroot democracy	Lee Kuan Yew: Singapore's father democracy vs development democracy equal asian values, is western concept chinese model> indian model of democracy (bureaucratic, corrupt, populist) Amartya Sen (counters) democracy not western, E.g.- buddhist councils no homogenous set of Asian values role of leaders in china, not absence of democracy human development prioritised development needs to be democratised	Theory of democracy CB Macpherson: liberal egalitarian or critical liberal types- classical and contemporary features of classical model normative focus on values empowerment of masses protective Locke, Bentham protect rights (based on consent) developmental Mill development of personality (freedom of speech and expression) features of contemporary emperical- procedural elitist- only elections Shumpeter pluralists: pressure groups Robert Dahl Macpherson's theory types classical:  positive: value based negative: ignored reality (utility) contemporary negative: procedural Shumpeter-Dahl Axis focus on other models of democracy communist: intra-party democracy india: one party like democracy no equitable power distribution in western liberal democracies dimensions of power extractive (on others) developmental (on oneself) liberal democracies- no extractive power to capitalist/worker creative freedom: no extractive power (similar to Amartya Sen's concept)

Models of democracy

REPRESENTATIVE	PARTICIPATORY	DELIBERATIVE
Locke: book on civil govt; majoritarian Mill: Representative= 2nd best govt; Book: On representative govt reform majoritarian govt simple majoritarian to proportional representation (consensus based) inevitable due to modern way of life representative model (power transfer) delegate: Locke, Bentham stick only to mandate Locke- govt is trust, people are trustee Enlightened model: Mill, Edmund Burke give more flexibility to representative Burke: parliament is assembly of nation, not for advancing narrow interests critics of representatives Gandhi, MN Roy- partyless democracy party= corruption, immorality Rousseau: direct democracy	direct democracy liberal marxist (radical) Aristotle common man together can take better decision than philosophers alone Rousseau- general will only through participatory Gandhi's concept of power panchayati raj- partyless democracy oceanic circle: power transfers like waves transfer energy power of one should be used for empowerment of others reject hierarchy Hannah Arendt: Zoon politikon radical democrats: MN Roy, Habermas, Nancy Fraser, Seyla Benhabib, Jacques Ranciere, Ernest Laclu Habermas:  policy is legitimate if in ideal speech deliberation (all can speak freely) Carole Pateman: benefits of participatory democracy educative value general will inclusive how? 93rd, 94th amendment (gram sabha), 2nd ARC citizen charter, RTI referendum, initiative participation in NHRC, NCW	democracy= deliberation, policy formulation with rational debate currently- dictatorship of executive or activism of judiciary india- noisy democracy Pericles: discussion is pre-requisite Aristotle: common people> philosopher king John Rawls: public reasoning- justify others your position Amartya Sen: public debate book- uncertain glory health not public issue in india pre-req public sphere should exist public reasoning exist capacity to speak Hannah Arendt action is also speech state of plurality Habermas policy made in ideal speech situation ideal speech situation, communicative action: when people interact in ideal speech situation ideal speech situation no force/pressure all have equal rights to speak, equal chances Nancy Frazer,  contra-public  subaltern should create their own public sphere Joshua Cohen features of deliberative democracy association of people existence of non-coercive environment makes democracy substantive respect for pluralism benefits of democracy deal disagreement secure legitimacy better policies makes democracy substantial