BRIEF ABOUT ENVIRONMENTAL CONVENTIONS

BRIEF ABOUT ENVIRONMENTAL CONVENTIONS :-

1. Ramsar Convention :-

• It is called the Convention on Wetlands.

• It was adopted in the city of Iran, Ramsar in 1971.

• It came into force in 1975.

2. Stockholm Convention :-

• It is a convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)

• It was adopted in 2001 in Geneva, Switzerland.

• It came into force in 2004.

* The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) is a global treaty to protect human health and the environment from POPs by restricting and/or eliminating their production, use, trade, release and/or storage. POPs are chemicals characterized by following properties: persistent, bioaccumulative, toxic, and travel long distances through the environment.

The POPs Review Committee (POPRC) is a subsidiary body to the Convention mandated to review chemicals proposed for inclusion in Annexes A, B and/or C to the Convention. The Committee evaluates whether the proposed chemical satisfies the POPs criteria and makes recommendations to the Conference of the Parties (COP) to consider its listing in Annexes A, B and/or C to the Convention.

3. CITES :-

• It is a Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.

• It was adopted in 1963.

• It came into force in 1975. 

• Geneva, Switzerland 

(To ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten the survival of the species.)

4. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) :-

• It is a convention for the conservation of biological diversity.

• It was adopted in 1992

• It came into force in 1993.

5. Bonn Convention :-

• It is a convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals.

• It was adopted in 1979.

• It came into force in 1983.

6. Vienna Convention :- 

• It is a convention for the Protection of Ozone Layer.

• It was adopted in 1985.

• It came into force in 1988.

7. Montreal Protocol :-

• It is an international environment protocol on substances that deplete the Ozone Layer.

• It was adopted in 1987.

• It came into force in 1989.

8. Kyoto Protocol :-

• It is an international protocol to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

• It was adopted in 1997.

• It came into force in 2005.

9. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change :-

• It is an international environmental treaty governing actions to combat climate change through adaptation and mitigation efforts directed at control of emission of GreenHouse Gases (GHGs) that cause global warming.

• It was adopted in 1992.

• It came into force in 1994.

10. Rio Summit :-

• It is a United Nations Conference on Environment and Development.

• It was held in 1992 at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

11. UNCCD :-

• It is a United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification.

• It was adopted in 1994.

• It came into force in 1996.

12. Basel Convention :-

• It is a convention on the Control of Trans Boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal.

• It was adopted in 1989.

• It came into force in 1992.

13. Cartagena Protocol :-

• It is an international environmental protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity.

• It was adopted in 2000.

• It came into force in 2003.

14. UN-REDD :-

• It is a United Nations Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation.

• It was created in 2008.

15. Nagoya Protocol :-

• It is an international environment protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization (ABS) to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).

• It was adopted in 2010.

• It came into force in 2014.

16. COP24 :-

• It is the 24th meeting of the conference of parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

• It took place in 2018.

17. COP21 :-

• It is the 21st meeting of the conference of parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

• It took place in 2018.

18. Kigali Agreement :-

• It is an amendment to the Montreal Protocol.

• It was adopted in 2016.

• It came into force in 2019.

19. Minamata Convention :-

•It is an international environmental treaty intended to protect health and the environment from the adverse effects of mercury.

• It was adopted in 2013.

• It came into force in 2017.

20. Rotterdam Convention :-

• It is an international environmental convention on Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade.

• It was adopted in 1998.

• It came into force in 2004.

21. COP25 :- 

• It is the 25th meeting of the Conference of Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

• It took place in 2019.