IGP - Miscellaneous

 Nehruvian Consensus (Balancing right and left and remaining in center)

• Internal - Model of development 
• Middle path b/w Capitalism and Socialism 
• External - 
• Palestinian issue 
• NAM - even when Janata Party came to power - did not change 

Women in independence 

Indian Freedom movement - Largest civil rights movement 

Gandhi’s mass movements - Ended the stigma since Aristotle of keeping women in 4 walls of the house 

Despite being a patriarchal society - women had mass participation 

Nehru - When men were in jails, women took command of the national movement 

All IDEOLOGICAL STREAMS 

Rani Laxmi Bai
Annie Besant	Home Rule league
Gandhian  Sarojini Naidu	NCM Brought out  Boycott and picketing  Stigma  Swadeshi - spinning Khadi  Going to Jails
Revolutionary militant form of struggle also  Santi Ghosh - Shot dead DM Bina Das - Shot point blank at Governor while getting degree P Usha  Rani Giddanilu  Kalpana Dutt helped Surya sen - Chittagong raids	QIM
INA - Laxmi Sehgal - Jhansi Rani regiment
Tebhaga and Telangana movement - successful due to large women participation

Conclusion 

Constitution - equal status and Voting rights 

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Protection of Religious and Cultural minorities 

Intro 

• DE Smith - Minorities are custodians of secularism

• Indian Const - revolutionary document. Universal and multicultural citizenship 
• Indian society is amalgamation of heterogenous communities and so is called Unity in diversity 

Provisions

• Art 25,26,27,28 - kirpans for sikhs 
• Art 29 -protection of Script culture and language of any community 
• Art 30 - edu instis 
• Art 350 -Special Offr for Linguistic Minorities  Provision for instruction in motor tongue in primary stage

Court cases 

• -ves 
• A. Basha Case 1996 - Aligarh Muslim University - not a minority insti 
• Reverend Father Case - SC accepted that Minority instis can be brought under RTE
• +ves
• Champakam Dorairajan 1950 - No reservation on religious or linguistic basis
• Shah Bano Case 1986 - Alimony to divorced muslim women. - interference in personal law 
• Shayara Bano Case - Triple Talaq has been banned 

SC has had its share of hits and misses but has protected and defended the rights of minorities.

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Tribal Rights 

• 5th and 6th schedule 
• Art 19 - freedom of movement - tribal areas - reasonable restriction 
• PESA Act 
• FRA
• NC-ST - Art 338(A)