Planning and Economic Development: Land reforms and green revolution

• Land reforms-refers  reform of ownership and regulation of land and redistributing them from landlords to landless labourers to achieve socio-economic justice and end feudalism.
  
  Daniel thorner: India is the most insteresting case study of land reforms given the huge number of poors, magnitude of hunger and the largest body of land reform legislation
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• Dpsp 39b & c > 14 and 19 which emphasises on the necessity of reducing concentration of wealth and economic resources.
• 9th schedule enacted to implement the reforms
• distributive justice
• Gunnar Myrdal- soft state hence even Nehru could not take on the zamindars
• Kagodu village near Sagar in Shivamogga district caught the attention of the entire nation as tenant farmers rose in revolt against the landlords. That is considered the first peasant movement in post-Independence India seeking land for tenants. This led to historic laws that provided land for the landless and gave them protection on several counts.
  
  Atul Kohli- state lacks political capacity to confront the propertied class. He has shown the linkage between human development and land reforms from state of Kerala and WB
• Francine Frankel - accommodative politics of state has jeopardised radical agenda.
  
• Sudipto kaviraj: state remains an instrument to protect propertied class.
  
• Pranab bardhan- calls. Indian state semi bourgeoisie
  

• Suggestions
• Intellectual class should again bring the idea of land reforms in public sphere
• Responsibility of civil society to organise peasants and landless labourers to create pressure on government
• Government of India should take serious efforts because failure of land reforms  will lead to poverty and hunger and will lead to LWE

• Green revolution-
• intro: commenced in India in 1966 to address food security issue caused due to 1962 and 1965 wars, famines, etc PL480 programme
• impacts:
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  Vkrv Rao- it has reversed land reforms as small and marginal farmers had to mortgage their lands to procure costly inputs and have lost their lands in years of failed harvest. it has increased the gap between rich and poor.
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  Ecological- Sunita Narain- Led to excessive use of fertilisers and over extraction of ground water that degrades soil and creates ground water shortage in the long run
• Political-
• Rudolph and Rudolph- gave rise to Bullock capitalists. Strengthened role of caste in India politics.
• Also changed the socio economic profile of parliament which was hitherto dominated by western educated lawyers.
• rise of OBCs, particularly leaders like Sir Chotu ram, Chaudhary Charan Singh emerged
• increased the political clout of farmer pressure groups like Bharatiya Kisan union
• increased political importance of the Delhi,West UP,Punjab Harayana belt in national elections
• first democratic upsurge in 1967 and rise of regional parties with significant representation of farmer leaders
• recent protests against the farm laws is a direct fallout of MSP regime in the wake of Green revolution and has led to tensions between national party and state parties like AAP, SAD,etc.
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• conclusion- what we need is a rainbow and evergreen revolution based on inclusivity and sustainability- MS Swaminathan

• Change in politics in 30 years of 1991 reforms
• The 30 years from 1991 have seen a dramatic transformation of Indian politics, much of it a result of forces unleashed by new economic policies.
• the number of successful political parties jumped. BJP, Shiv Sena, BSP, SP and RJD all formed their first governments in the 90s. As the number of parties in Lok Sabha went from 25 to 40 between 1991-96, the theory was also that politics would fractionalise endlessly. That proved false. Rather it made politics more deliberative and representative. Though it gave rise to coalition govts .
• Suhas Palshikar- the most symbolically powerful impact of reforms, which began in 1991, on Indian politics was the absence of the word ‘socialism’ from Congress’s 1996 manifesto.
• Economic liberalisation enabled CMs to don industry-friendly avatars. Karnataka’s tax concessions and incentives spurred the IT industry’s growth there. Andhra Pradesh CM Chandrababu Naidu strode in reformist colours at the global arena, even founding the satellite township of Cyberabad/Hitec City.
• Breaking erstwhile PSU-run monopolies gave states like Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand a new lease of life, equipping CMs to undertake development.
• Here’s an example. In its 1990-91 budget, Odisha was hoping for a measly Rs 8 crore additional royalty from minerals extracted by GoI. By 2019-20 the state’s mining revenues grew from 2.8% to a whopping 75% of total non-tax revenues, coming to Rs 11,019 crore.
• Nineties were the first decade, especially in north India, in which a significant proportion of Dalits were able to exercise their franchise, another clear case of how intimately political and economic empowerment are tied.
• The turnout gap has declined not just between reserved and unreserved constituencies, but across many social groups. From a 10 percentage points chasm in 1991, women’s turnout is now almost at par with men’s. That their issues get a louder hearing is directly tied to them voting more.
• Milan Vishnav- when crime pays—> role of money and muscle power has increased particularly after 1991 reforms, giving rise to criminalisation of politics
• Conclusion- Every rupee earned from reforms is a rupee gained for development.”

• Planning and economic development: https://www.evernote.com/pub/view/ch12b1024/PSIR/be0450b9-9dba-428b-badb-1315c6c977c3?locale=en#st=p&n=be0450b9-9dba-428b-badb-1315c6c977c3