Post Colonial

• For states who came out of colonialism in the wake of ww2.

1. 
   
   
   F W Riggs calls these states as prismatic societies, i.e. societies in transition.
   
   coexistence of modernity and tradition.
2. 
   Soft state by Gunner Myrdal in his book Asian drama. Context was he was analyzing poverty alleviation programs in India wherein he says that the poor implementation of laws,rules and schemes make India a soft state.
3. Functional anarchy by Galbraith (first US ambassador to India)
   
   

• Neo Marxist analysis of post colonial state

1: Instrumentalist approach: given by scholars of third world for third world.

 gave core and periphery concept and semi-

peripheries. Believe Neo-colonialism is still continuing(Kwan Nkrumah)

• Core- G7
• Periphery- third world
• Semi periphery- BRICS
• According to dependency school, the states in periphery are instruments of Bourgeoisie of core countries. Ex- conflict in the middle eastern countries because the arms lobby in USA wants to sell weapons and maximize profit. The nuclear industry lobby wanted the Indo-US nuclear deal to happen to sell nuclear plant machinery to India. global private sector benefited immensely from 20-years of war worth $14 trillion in Afghanistan.
1. 
   
   
   Lenin: expansionism is inherent in capitalism. Calls colonies as "dependency."
2. A g Frank-
1. Gave the concept of development of underdevelopment.
   
3. Samir Amin
1. calls for peripheries to cut all ties with core countries.
2. book- accumulation on a world scale - showed how resources flowed from countries from periphery to core through a process called imperialist rent.
3. calls USA as the mother of terrorism and rise of USA as “empire of chaos”
4. wanted a multi-polar world and calls for Europe+china+India+Russia to challenge US hegemony
   
4. Immanuel Wallenstein- world systems theory.
1. Said no third world, there is only one world connected by complex network of economic exchanges
2. Periphery forced to sell at low prices and import core product’s at high prices. Economic exchange between core and periphery is on unequal terms.  
3. Says US hegemony is on decline, sees development of capitalism as detrimental to a large population. Predicts capitalism will be replaced by socialist economy.
4. Says post colonial states must go for “National Autonomous development.”

• Contemporary- for Neo Marxist scholars , developing countries are now being colonized through data colonialism. Sensitive data of these countries is held at servers located in US which gives it huge influence over these countries.
• 
  Cosmopolitan liberal scholars have extrapolated Rawls’ TOJ to international sphere. They talk about distributive justice wherein the global wealth must be equitably distributed among nations.

2. Structuralist approach/relative autonomy- more importance to state as state is a part of superstructure
1. 
   Hamza Alavi- A Neo Marxist with a structural perspective on post colonial state
2. According to him the instrumentalist approach is relevant only when the capitalism is fully developed that is in western countries
3. The civil society must be fully developed to control the state, which is not the case in post colonial states
4. According to Hamza Alavi’s over developed theory of state, there is a structural mismatch between the political and social evolution in a postcolonial state, resulting in fully developed state machinery(superstructure) while the socio-economic structure(base structure) is still in transition from primitive to modern (capitalist). It is in this context of comparison the political structure (state) is over developed than socio-economic structure of the country. On the contrary, in western countries, there is a perfect synchronization between political and social economic structure. Once The system became modern capitalist, elements of superstructure also changed accordingly that is modern nation-state came into existence
5. According to him this mismatch exists in the third world countries owning to their colonial legacy. Unlike western countries where capital state develop naturally with the rise of indigenous bourgeois class, state in postcolonial societies is an important institution imposed by colonial masters. A strong police state was devised to match the needs of colonial rulers.
6. Hence the colonial rulers left immense power in the hands of executive leading to what he referred to as “bureaucratic-military complex.”
7. In postcolonial states there are three propertied exploiting class-
1. Indigenous bourgeois
2. Metropolitan Neo colonialist bourgeois
3. Landed classes
8. Since all the three classes have competing and contradictory interests and demands the state acquires a relatively autonomous role and is not simply the instrument of any one of the three classes, hence a state with strong executive becomes a “Bonapartist state.”
9. The state in the postcolonial society directly appropriates a very large part of the economic surplus and deploys it in bureaucratically directed economic activity in the name of promoting economic development
10. Political parties as the vanguard of the movement for national independence inherit the mantle of legitimacy and occupy the dominant position in the polity making the postcolonial state all the more powerful.
11. So in India when LPG happened, PRI was brought to reduce the gap b/w state and society by empowering the citizens.
12. nature of overdeveloped state: heavily  bureaucratized , despotic in nature, hero worship is prevalent.

• Conclusion: Pol science begins and ends with state- JW Garner