Scholars in ideology as general topic

1. 
   
   
   Term coined by claude de tracy Who called ideology as “science of ideas.”

• Critics of ideology-

No ideology is free from knowledge-power connection- Michael focult	In every epoch the ideas of ruling class are ruling ideas.- marx	arendt: ideology used by totaltarian states to justify terror
	Karl Manheim- sociology of knowledge, every theory is written from the prespective of a class.	Lyotard-a post modernist calls ideology as meta narratives

• End of ideology-
• by Daniel Bell, who described himself as a "socialist in economics, a liberal in politics, and a conservative in culture." 

1: Daniel bell- east or west, similar type of political and administrative developments have taken place irrespective of ideology. Both place

there is rise of bureaucratic and technocratic(particularly after globalisation) societies.

2: s m lipset:

Instead of ideological politics , we should go for politics of development.

For Lipset, post-war societies in the West eliminate the functional need for ideologies since they have solved the fundamental political problems of the industrial revolution that generated these ideologies. 

3: w w rostow-modernisatuon theory-book- stages of economic growth: a non communist manifesto.

 every state whatever ideology passes through similar stages of economic growth.

4: milovan djilas- concept of new class(bureaucracy hold the power everywhere)

• Critics of end of ideology 

1. C wright Mills- west has not been able to solve all its social conflicts with its liberal ideology
   
2. C b MacPherson- wealth inequality in western states.
   
3. Ralph miliband- it is a justification of status quo so that proletariat leave the path of revolution. welfare state is a myth. Wealth still in the hands of capitalists.
   
4. Alasdair Macintyre- end of idology is itself an ideology. said it is an attempt to keep things status quo. He says lipst has implicitly tried to say that Western liberal democracy is the ideal type.
   

• 
  Liberalism and its discontents, an article by francis fukuyama-Liberalism doesn’t tell a person how to live. Thisproduces a vacuum at the core of liberal societies, one that often gets filled by consumerism or pop culture or other random activities that do not necessarily lead to human flourishing.

• End of history
• 
  Francis fukuyama- Gave this concept At the end of cold war in 1989.
• His words- what we are witnessing is not just the end of Cold War but the end point of man’s ideological evolution. The end of Cold War, collapse of communism shows that there is no better way of life than Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government
• 
• Used Hegel’s dialectics to show that lesser truth(communism) will eventually be eliminated causing end of dialectics
• 
• Inspired from alexander kojève Who argued that history will end in the establishment of a universal homogeneous state And george kennan who gave the concept of spiritual vitality. The country that can give better standards of living to its people would ultimately win the cold war
• Concept of christian mythology that entire world come under Jesus.

• Criticism of end of history
• 
  Talks about clash between corporate culture and religious orthodoxy .
• 
  Criticism by seumas milne in his revenge of history
• says authoritarian regimes in Saudi Arabia and Bahrain are supported by western governments. political traditions, he insists, have blood on their hands, and liberalism is certainly no exception
• by Samuel p Huntington.
• 
  The iron curtain of ideological conflict is being replaced by the velvet curtain of clash of civilisation.
• Rather than “which side are you on?” he wrote, the overriding question in the post-Cold War world would be “who are you?”
• Says- Western intervention in the affairs of other civilisations to promote democracy(called as neoconservatism in foreign policy that argues for using military means to promote democracy) is probably the single most dangerous source of instability and potential global conflict in a multi-civilisational world."
• Relevance in present world order:
• Weakening of liberal world order
• Challenge to liberalism from Chinese Han way of life
• In His book identity and the politics of resentment he has shown how ethinc factors are threatning the liberal institutions.
• Azerbaijan(muslims) and armenia(christians) conflict.
• Debate between rights based on western values vs asian values
• it got more credibility after 2001 incident. It was a beginning of the war b/w state of christ and the state of allah
• The credibility of liberalism was further dented by 2008 GFC and rise of China as superpower.
• person can change his ideology but not identity
• globalisation has further increased our interaction with each other thus increased identity consciousness.
• Fukuyama in his book identity accepts this view and says the current global politics revolves around identity and is a struggle for recognition.
• criticism of COC-
• Too simplistic 
• Can’t explain civil wars in sudan,yemen
• Wars in middle east as shia and sunni belong to same islamic civilisation
• It’s aim is to also establish us hegemony by warning it to challenges from other regions.
• The Abraham accord between Jewish and Islamic nations is an example of geopolitical realities trumping civilisational values based on religion.
• New End of history-  if there is a political system that has emerged victorious from the coronavirus pandemic, it is Asian democratic technocracy. Asia’s gold-standard democracies such as Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan have mix of technocratic governance, capitalism, and social conservatism that are far more likely to become a global set of norms than post-truth Western democracy.
• Biden is pushing for “democracy vs autocracy” as the new ideological debate . USA recently hosted the “summit of democracy”in an effort to “catalyse action toward the goal of renewing global democracy”.

• conclusion: post modernist like Lyotard say all ideologies are discourses. No ideology tells the truth.