Class Notes 4 You

Intro: Joseph A schumpeter in Capitalism,socialism and democracy defined socialism as The organisation of society in which the means of production are controlled and decision on how and what to produce and who is to get what are made by public authority instead of privately owned and privately managed firms Evolved in the backdrop of socio-economic inequalities generated due to Industrial revolution. hence primarily an economic doctrine as it came against capitalism reject aggregative view of society and support organic view of society (hence the notion of sharing of surplus among all) Core concept- equality(socio-economic). Instead of equality of opportunity they talk about equality of outcomes in opposition to proportionate equality advocated by liberals. After Marx... Democratic/ evolutionary socialism: 1: Edward Bernstein- no need for revolution as now since workers have right to vote , we can bring revolution through parliamentary system. CPI in india left violence and adopted par...

Term coined by claude de tracy Who called ideology as “science of ideas.” Critics of ideology- No ideology is free from knowledge-power connection- Michael focult In every epoch the ideas of ruling class are ruling ideas.- marx arendt: ideology used by totaltarian states to justify terror Karl Manheim- sociology of knowledge, every theory is written from the prespective of a class. Lyotard-a post modernist calls ideology as meta narratives End of ideology- by  Daniel Bell , who described himself as a "socialist in economics, a liberal in politics, and a conservative in culture."  1: Daniel bell- east or west, similar type of political and administrative developments have taken place irrespective of ideology. Both place there is rise of bureaucratic and technocratic(particularly after globalisation) societies. 2: s m lipset: Instead of ideological politics , we should go for politics of development. For Lipset, post-war societies in the West eliminate the functional need for i...

Most universal model supporters: JS Mill Edmund burke supports enlightened model of represenation  ( our representative have more experienced than us) to take decision. 1st theory of representative democracy given by Locke in his 2nd contract(a majoritarian model) as in first contract society is formed. models of rep demo: majoritarian -  US,UK,India Based on concept of ‘winner takes all’ not representative in true sense and may convert democracy into tyranny of the majority. Consosiational model:  to avoid tyranny of majority follows proportional representation Germany,Switzerland coalition govt are regular feature. models on decision making power of representatives: delegate model- locke, bentham: govt has no original powers , only delegated powers stick to mandate given by people. govt is a trust, people are trustees enlightened representation model- mill, edmund burke Our representatives have more experience than us. Hence must be given autonomy to take decisions...

Intro-people themselves participate in governance through initiative, recall , referendum People can be members of watchdog bodies like NHRC,NCW,etc People participate to ensure accountability by RTI,SOCIAL AUDIT Supporters: Carole pateman- participation creates responsible citizenship. People understand complexities of administration, makes democracy inclusive, legitimacy to the laws, best way to realise popular sovereingty. Rousseau- believed only way liberty and authority can be reconciled is through direct participation in the law making. For him, participation was essential for the self development of the individual, which is necessary for the generation of general will that represent collective common goal of the community. Gandhi- advocated for partlyless democracy with people’s direct participation. Hannah arendt- Civic Republicanism. Becoming zoon politikon through political action. Radical democracy-latin word-radix which means roots. Habermas- only way to make legit...

Intro: Deliberative Democracy represents a system where laws are products of rational debate. It is a characteristic of open society. While traditional democratic theory relied on voting as the source of legitimacy of democratic decision making, for deliberative democracy a democratic decision will be regarded as democratic only if it is the outcome of authentic deliberation delib demo rejects bentham’s aggregate model that gives rise to majoritarian democracies. It is based on consociational model where the arguements of all stakeholders are heard. It is based on the premise that democracy is not just head counting mechanism . Deliberative is normative as it focuses on values rather than procedeual theory . Procedural theory like elitist and pluralist look democracy as electoral mechanism or pressure group politics Supporters: Pericles- discussion is a precondition rather than an obstacle for any wise action Aristotle- against philosopher king and favoured polity where people came and...